Communication And Relational Closeness Between A Parent...

aaaaaaaThe purpose of this literature review is to gain a better understanding about the way that families communicate during and after a divorce. Moreover, this study will focus on the two communication variables of communication competence and relational closeness to further understand the role of communication in a divorce and its ability to affect the family unit. Ambiguity and Relational Closeness Divorces happen at high rates and, many times, divorces often affect marriages with children (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). During the divorce, it is common to find that parents are less committed to particular stances and may rely on ambiguity more often in their comments (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). Communication privacy†¦show more content†¦Ambiguity related to communication within a divorce can be a significant problem because it will threaten the strength of the familial bond. During a divorce, a child is seeing their world becoming significantly altered by the severing of their parent’s relationship. If the parent then chooses to use ambiguity as a communicative strategy during the divorce, it is likely that the child will feel even more distanced from the parent. They will feel unsure of their place within the family now that their parent’s relationship has ended. This uncertainty regarding the stature of their relationship will affect the chil d’s perception on other issues because their overall relational closeness will be affected. Ambiguity is not the appropriate approach towards family communication during a divorce because it is likely that relational closeness will be damaged. Divorces are not only significant events for the parents undergoing the dissolution of their marriage, but they are also significant for their child because they will likely question the world as they know it. To avoid the problem of ambiguity rearing its negative head during an already stressing time within the family, parents should actively look to have conversations about divorce related issues with their children (Afifi McManus, 2010, p.85). The ability to have open conversations about the struggles of the marriage willShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On A Family1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdivorce, communication is a central component of minimizing the stress associated with a divorce taking place within a family. Divorce is often linked to negativity and downgraded relationships throughout the family unit- particularly with respect to children (Thomas, Booth†Butterfield, M., Booth†Butterfield, S., 1995, p. 229). However, research indicates that communication can minimize the negative effects on a family during a divorce. This is understandable considering that communication has aRead MoreRelationship Between My Father And It1425 Words   |  6 Pageshave been periods of time where the frequency of communication slows, but for the most part I’m close with many members of my family. School can get busy, making it difficult to put forth that extra effort to remain in contact with many of my intermediate family members. The relationship between my father and it has suffered due to the frequency of communication; which negatively impacted our closeness. Now, it wasn’t only the frequency of communication, but our overall relationship that seemed to stopRead MoreAlcohol And Substance Abuse : An Individual Behavior That Reflects Underlying Dysfunction921 Words   |  4 Pagespredictor of antisocial behaviors and substance abuse (Velleman, Templeton Copello, 2005). A child s family is responsible for the socialization process. It is important that the family helps the child socialize in a way that helps them adjust to the demands and possibilities of their environment and social circle. However, if the family does not succeed in this task, it can have a negative effect on the child s development and ability to adapt to the world outside (Velleman, Templeton Copello, 2005)Read MoreThe Effects Of A Family System During Development945 Words   |  4 Pagesduring development. Mary Bowen developed the Family Systems Theory, which is based on the premise that inter-and intra-relational patterns are transmitted from one generation to the next (Martin, 2014). Bowen believes that the goal of achieving positive well-being is to find the balance between achieving personal autonomy and individuation while maintaining appropriate closeness with one’s family system (Martin, 2014, p. 69). An active and effective family system in a child’s life is an essentialRead MoreSibling Relationships And Family Relationships2682 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction When looking at relationships, whether marital, parent-child, sibling, or peer relationships, they each enforce different demands through interactions with one another (Aksan, Goldsmith, Essex, Vandell, 2013). One relationship that has the longest interaction is sibling relationships, it is arguably the longest relationship an individual experiences and it can continue through the lifespan (Cicirelli, 1995). As the siblings grow their relationship becomes more egalitarian than otherRead MoreGeorge Peter Murdocks Theory Of Structural Functionalism953 Words   |  4 Pagesmother. As society changes then the functions of the family change too. Theorists state that there are two clear types of family named nuclear and extended. The nuclear family has parents and children living together and the extended family has a 3rd generation family group living together. There is a clear link between the change in society and a change in the classic extended family. The needs of society changes so families must adapt. Because of these changes there are two types of mobile workforcesRead MoreThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. Many parents fill various roles as teachers, playmates, caregivers, and disciplinary figures; but one of the most important roles that a parent can hold is that of an attachment figure. The attachment between a child and their attachment figure is a strong predictor of the child’s later social and emotional wellbeing (Benoit, 2004). John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth worked together to come to the principleRead MoreNarcissistic Disorder : Effects And Treatments1485 Words   |  6 Pagescausations. Mayoclinic (2014) has found that some links could possibly be mismatches in parent-child relationships with either excessive pampering or excessive criticism, genetics, or psychobiology — the connection between the brain and behavior and thinking. According to mentalhelp.net, within the biological realm, it is believed that there are some neurological factors at play, such as a relationship between impulsive aggres sion, and a complex, neuro-chemical system called the serotonergic systemRead MoreSibling Communication Essay5420 Words   |  22 PagesDecember 12, 2012 Quantitative Research Sibling Communication Did you know that about 80% of individuals that have siblings spend at least one third of their life with their sibling or siblings? (Myers, page 309) That is a significant amount of time to spend with someone. Our group wanted to research how siblings communicate and how gender or age can affect this communication. As researchers, we felt that this topic was important to study because so much of our lives are spent with anotherRead MoreFamily Systems Theory And Its Impact On The Practices Of Marriage And Family Counseling2975 Words   |  12 Pagesdefinition of marriage and family have changed and includes various backgrounds, sexual preferences, and blended family systems.We find that there are several definitions of family such as the traditional family can include heterosexual couples, single parents, and families including blood relative, adoptive families, foster relationships, grandparents raising grandchildren, and stepfamilies (ceunit.com). Extended family can be defi ned as including grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, and other relatives

twelfth night Essay - 952 Words

Twelfth Night Essay While many will agree that Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is critically acclaimed to be one of the most entertaining and well-liked pieces that he has written, there tends to be a discrepancy over how the characters in the play are portrayed when it comes to the importance of gender roles. After reading James C Bulman’s article over the Globe’s more recent performance of Twelfth Night and Shakespeare’s original written version, I realized that there are many ways that this famous piece has been portrayed and each has its own pros and cons. Shakespeares Twelfth Night examines patterns of love and courtship through a twisting of gender roles. The play centers on the lead female role and protagonist, Viola, who†¦show more content†¦I honestly don’t believe that one’s opinion on same-sex couples has any importance when it comes to transvestite versus traditional role-play on stage. An author or director’s utmost g oal is to successfully present his/her work in a way that makes the audience members feel as if they are apart of the show like they were one of the characters themselves. In other words, it is all about believability. If the play calls for a young female character then I am more likely to follow along when a female actor is playing that role. On the contrary, I would be distracted focusing on the male actor trying to portray a female role. In all versions of Twelfth Night, however, the roles are so convoluted that it is difficult to say which would be more believable: Viola/Cesario played by a female actress or male actor. For example, in Nunn’s film, the scene where Orsino is in the tub and asks young Cesario to help him bathe, it wouldn’t make any difference in believability whether the actor was male or female since our minds have already had to entertain the thought of Viola representing both a man and a woman. Others may disagree and say that the sex of the actor /actresses would not have an effect on their acceptance of the play. As previously stated, it is entirely a personal matter. If it were up to me to direct this play I would do traditional casting, like Nunn had done, with men playing male characters and women playing femaleShow MoreRelatedTwelfth Night Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesTwelfth Night Essay Twelfth Night is a comedy and a marvel. This play conveys many messages that are seen by the audience, but not seen by the characters in the play. There are many points involving love, friendship, conflicts and confusion. Twelfth Night displays characters that are mad, in love, and desperate for love. Twelfth Night has many conflicts that occur because characters fail to listen to messages. Viola is a character who has just thought that her brother has died in a shipwreck thatRead More Twelfth Night Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play, Twelfth Night or What you Will, the characters are involved in a plot complete with trickery, disguise, and love. Each character is defined not by his or her gender or true identity, but by the role they are forced to take because of the complicated situation that arises. Unlike their gender, the speech the characters give an insight to their true personalities. In the Twelfth Night, the character Duke Orsino uses flowery an d over-dramatic language, long poetic sentenceRead MoreTwelfth Night and Pygmalion1783 Words   |  8 Pages The play Twelfth Night is set in a Elizabethan country household in a place called Illyria. Illyria is a fictional place. Although the setting felt familiar to the audience, the name Illyria gave it a feeling of escape from reality, something that was important because everyday life could be tough in those days. The people needed an escape from reality sometimes. In this play we meet the upper class, as well as the lower class. It is not certain whether it really is twelfth night, but there areRead MoreTwelfth Night Questions1595 Words   |  7 PagesTWELFTH NIGHT: SCENE QUESTIONS ACT 1, SCENE i 1. Where does the play open? 2. Imagine you are the director of a Twelfth Night production. What kind of music would you have played for this scene? 3. The Duke has a very famous speech, in the beginning of the play, about love. How is the Duke feeling about love as the play opens? 4. What news does Valentine bring the Duke? How does the Duke take this news? 5. Even though we haven’t met Olivia yet, what do we know about her? ACT I,Read MoreSummary Of Twelfth Night965 Words   |  4 PagesTwelfth Night - Scene I, Act I-III Summary By: Manraj Singh The first scene starts off at the Duke’s palace, where we, as the audience, are introduced to the duke, who is thinking to himself. Next, it is revealed that the Duke is listening to music, and is in love, as indicated by â€Å"O spirit of love, how quick and fresh art thou,† (I, i, 9). However, suddenly, he decides that he does not want to listen anymore, as indicated by: â€Å"Enough, no more!† (I, i, 7). After this, we are introduced to a characterRead MoreCritique Of Twelfth Night1746 Words   |  7 PagesEmma Rice revamps Shakespeare’s comedy Twelfth Night into a dazzling musical production, full of modern twists and references that encompass the original core of the play. In this eccentric production, comedy and music take center stage, supported by technical factors such as set, lighting, and sound, but brought to life by brilliant costuming, wondrous music, and the superb acting and singing abilities of the cast. Rice takes several liberties with the original structure and text of the play, manipulatingRead MoreViola in The Twelfth Night580 Words   |  2 PagesWho is Viola? Who REALLY is Viola? Viola is a very cunning, smart, and interesting character. This is shown in Shakespeare’s The Twelfth Night, this book is about three different lovers. The Duke loves Olivia, Olivia loves Cesario/Viola, and Cesario/Viola loves the Duke. Viola is trying to set up a new life after surviving a shipwreck in which her brother â€Å"died.† Viola is a cunning lady with lots of attitude. Viola influences almost every other character as well. She unintentionally tricks both theRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion a re there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There mayRead MoreTwelfth Night And Brokeback Mountain1338 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading literary works such as Twelfth Night and â€Å"Brokeback Mountain,† it appears they share numerous themes with the novel Never Let Me Go. One theme particularly interesting regarding the novel Twelfth Night is that of identity. The theme of identity in Twelfth Night influenced me to think differently about Ishiguro’s text, Never Let Me Go, because it allows for a deeper understanding of the difficulty the clones faced in finding their identity. After reading Never Let Me Go, one can perceiveRead MoreGender Roles in Twelfth Night2204 Words   |  9 PagesStratford-upon-Avon, England, William Shakespeare is considered by many to have been the greatest writer the English language has ever known. His literary legacy included 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and five major poems. Among his many plays is the notable, Twelfth Night, a romantic comedy, placed in a festive atmosphere in which three couples are brought together happily. The play opens with Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, expressing his deep love for the Countess Olivia. Meanwhile, the shipwrecked Viola disguises

A Fictional Technological Company Named Decisiontech, Inc.

Patrick Lenciono wrote about a fictional technological company named DecisionTech, Inc. to illustrate how dysfunctional teams hinder the growth in every faucet of a business operation. The story focuses on Kathryn, the new CEO, and her journey to fix the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the executive staff. Kathryn’s primary task is to establish a system of trust and teamwork within the executive team by destroying the five dysfunctions, absence of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability, and inattention to results that cripple the potential of any team. Within two years, DecisionTech, Inc. had built a reputation as the top technology company in the country. They had a strong business plan that would lead them into the next stages of new technology and investors were lining up to get a piece. Furthermore, they had young qualified engineers submitting resume’s regularly in hopes of employment. However, after a while, their executive team developed internal conflict and was unable to lead this bright and promising company to the next stage. Word of these actions had circulated and the company had now become known for having personal political agendas and backstabbing; therefore, the Chairman of the board demanded change. Change came in the form of replacing the formal CEO and co-founder, Jeff, who remained within the company as the head of business development. His replacement, Kathryn, lacked knowledge in the technology field, butShow MoreRelatedThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pageswritten permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer

Alexander Graham Bell Essay Example For Students

Alexander Graham Bell Essay Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell was born in 1847. As a child He took after hisgrandfather who was an actor who entertained people with his voice. Alexandersmother, who was deaf, would have people talk to her through her ear tube, whichamplifies speech by talking through a object that looked like a horn. Alexanderchoose to talk to his mother by speaking in low tones very close to herforehead. Alexander thought that his mother would be able to hear him by thevibrations his voice put on her forehead. Alexander at about the age of 14 andhis brother, Melville, created a contraption that had a fake mouth, tongue, andlungs that you could force air out of. This contraption could make human-likesounds. After this Alexander manipulated his dogs vocal cords and mouth tochange growls to words. By the time Alexander was sixteen he was teaching musicat a boys boarding school. Alexander Bell meet Thomas Watson at an electrical machine shop, Watson andAlexander formed a friendship after Alexander told him of his idea abouttransmitting speech over a wire. On June 2,1875, when working in thetransmitting room Watson produced a twang when trying to loosen up a wire. Alexander working on the transmitter was able to send sounds that resembled thatof a human voice. Next, Alexander discovered that a wire vibrated by speechwhen placed in a conducting liquid, like mercury and would produce a current. Basically speech could be transmitted by wire. On March 10,1876 Alexander andWatson were working on the machine when Alexander knocked over battery acid. Heshouted, Mr. Watson, come here. I need you! and Watson working in thereceiver room heard his voice coming through the wire. Later, the Bell Company was formed, which is now ATT. Before Alexander diedin 1922, he had invented an electric probe for locating metal objects in bodies,and the artificial respirator. Science

Should Abortions Be Made Illegal In The U.K Essay Example Essay Example

Should Abortions Be Made Illegal In The U.K Essay Example Paper Should Abortions Be Made Illegal In The U.K Essay Introduction I am sure you need no reminding at how controversial the topic of abortion is, there have been endless debates for decades on the subject and to be elected president of the United States, you must have a view on abortion. It really is a very important issue in modern day society.The abortion law was passed in 1967, brought about by an MP, David Steel. Which is still the law governing abortions in England, Scotland and Wales. The primary objective of the law was to eliminate illegal, backstreet clinics which were open to women who wished to have an abortion. However, procedures in these took place under filthy conditions since they did not have to abide any rules or regulations regarding hygiene. This unfortunately led to the deaths of many women. However, the law succeeded, nearly all of these clinics were shut down but which has led to a surge in the number of abortions taking place.Nowadays abortion is permitted if some conditions are met, such as, whether the pregnancy will pose a risk to the life of the mother or whether there is a strong chance that the child may suffer from serious mental or physical abnormalities. However it is very difficult to define for example, serious abnormalities, a reason why the topic of abortion produces a wide variety of attitudes. Nevertheless, it is still rather easy for women to obtain an abortion in the U.K and many â€Å"pro-life† campaigners want the law on abortion to be made much stricter. On the other hand supporters of abortion believe that the law does not go far enough and that abortion should be made more readily available.Although abortion is easily available within Great Britain, it is not obtainable in Northern Ireland unless serious complications may arise. Supporters of abortion feel that the situation is inadequate since it is out of step with the rest of the U.K. Yet many women from Northern Ireland travel over to Britain in order to receive an abortion, some even say this discriminates those who can not afford to travel. I do agree that the situation in Northern Ireland penalises women living here and although I am not eagerly in favour of abortion I feel that more women in Northern Ireland should be given the chance to terminate their pregnancy without travelling to mainland Britain.Other people’s views on abortion vary dramatically with endless debates sparked over a single question, is abortion morally wrong? Some people think that abortion is morally wrong, but that having an abortion may be the best alternative, although others would argue that abortions are not morally wrong and that the choice should be given to the women. Such a view would be considered as being â€Å"pro-choice.† Many of whom do not support the concept of abortion but admit that it is required in modern day society. I personally agree that abortions are a vital part in society today, however I do feel that more should be done by authorities to reduce the number of abortions currently taki ng place.At present it is rather difficult for an individual, unfamiliar with the concept on abortion to take a strong opinion on the matter, since most of the arguments for and against often contradict each other. The abortion figures are startling, last year over 195,000 terminations took place in England and Wales, a substantial 3.2 percent increase from the previous year and since the 1967 Abortion Act, over 6 million abortions have taken place. It is of little surprise that most of these cases were in women under the age of 21. A reason that â€Å"pro-life† supporters would argue against abortion, saying that nowadays abortion is treated as being an easy way out with little thinking over the matter. Yet it also shows how common abortions actually are in the U.K, a reason why many are insisting that they should be banned.At present there are even some extreme groups in the U.S that try to force people into taking the opinion that abortion is morally wrong through the use shocking pictures and illegal signs. There have been numerous documentaries following such demonstrators and how they attempt to change people’s views using this method. However, in my opinion I feel that people should be allowed to take their own view on a subject and should definitely not be forced in taking a particular side, yet demonstrators insist that abortion is killing and should be addressed by provocative means.Such extremists would take the view that life begins at the point of conception, therefore placing abortion as killing. However, there are a variety of views which can be taken. For example, it could begin at the point of conception right up to the time when the baby is born. Those in favour of abortion would often view the birth as the point when life begins and therefore would not see abortion as murder.Another concern that some individuals take is the fact of how abortions carried out in Britain are costing the National Health Service a substantial sum of money, of which in this economic crisis the nation can simply not afford. Since the total sum accumulated in 2009 was in excess of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million, and those would argue that abortions should either be prohibited altogether or a fee should be introduced for each procedure. However an action such as introducing a charge could cause tremendous uproar, as in theory it would be discriminating those who may be in great financial difficulty, who would be left unable to shift the bill. Nevertheless I feel that this is an extremely weak argument to use against abortion, since it would cost the state much more money to fund each child born rather than each procedure. I also feel that it is deeply insensitive to argue on matters of life and death on the bases of economical implications.On the other hand a ban in abortion would most likely lead to a surge in population and many would ask whether the U.K could face such a change. Currently the population stands at just under 65 million and one would ask if abortion was to be made illegal would a population increase be likely. There is a range in opinions however the majority of experts agree that there is increased chance of a rise in population. Mixed with the current rate of immigration, such an increase would be very unsustainable and could severe consequences.Although anti-abortionists would disagree that a ban in abortions would have much of an effect on overall population. However it is hard to believe such a statement when viewing current statistics of the growth in the U.K. It would be a massive understatement to say it would be easy to the government to place a ban.Although it is part of their everyday job, even doctors still do not agree with the overall concept of abortions, with some who even want a ban altogether. Still, 75 percent of doctors believe that women should have the choice on whether to have an abortion or not. However, nearly all medical professionals of those surveyed agreed that the time limit to have an abortion should be halved, from the current 24 weeks to 12 weeks. Although late abortions account for only 1 percent of the overall total, nevertheless carrying out a late abortion can be extremely unpleasant. Since it is pictures of such procedures that anti-abortionists use as deterrents for others.I also coincide with the widespread opinion that the cap on late abortions should be reduced to 12 weeks. Late abortions are not only much more distressing for the patient but can also affect the doctors who carry them out. Some doctors have even been mentally scared, which really does show exactly how unpleasant they are.Regarding abortion for medical reasons for instance; where the mother’s life is in jeopardy, I feel the decision should be up to the mother, family, or doctor. It’s true, the mother and the unborn baby are still two separate individuals but under these difficult circumstances it should be a personal decision for those directly involved. This is the most widely accepted reason in society to have an abortion since many would prefer the mother not to be put through danger, than for the child to grow up with possibly no mother. This situation differs so fundamentally from abortion on demand, which is to have an abortion for convenience, as opposed to choosing which life will be saved. A very difficult situation where the woman has become pregnant is in serious cases such as rape. In such a scenario I believe that the decision should be dependant entirely on the woman. Since it will be her responsibility to raise the child if she chooses to have it.Although these are very hard decisions for those involved, many anti-abortionists insist that it is an easy decision not to have an abortion as the baby can be offered for adoption. However I disagree, I feel that it would be much harder for a woman to put her child up for adoption and possibly try to forget than to have an early abortion. A ban in abortion would lead to a ri se in children being put up for adoption, and in my opinion it will leave a lot more women possibly feeling guilty. Yet there is no doubt that having an abortion will have some sort of an impact on the person involved.Although not much of an issue in the U.K in Africa around 35,000 women die each year due to unsafe and illegal clinics, since abortion is not legal in Africa. This figure is over 40 percent of the global total which is extremely alarming. Critics warn that if abortion is banned in the U.K many similar clinics will open illegally and pose a threat to women willing to take the chance, which would simply not be acceptable.I also feel that many women would choose not to have an abortion if there is better financial and social support for mothers. These include simple things such as more flexible working hours and inexpensive, readily available childcare. However such a move would also have consequences, a lot of money would be spent by government and at present such a chan ge may not be possible.In conclusion, I feel that although abortion is a very sensitive issue in society I also feel it is also very beneficial as a whole. Though, currently the rules are much too relaxed since many women see it as an easy way out of a difficult situation, when in fact it may be the completely wrong decision. At present I feel that the number carried of abortions carried out is much too high and that the time limit should be reduced to 12 weeks. Yet in my opinion I feel that the choice should be solely down to the woman, she will be the one that needs to care for the child and nobody else should have a say whether that is right or wrong. Furthermore, if abortion is made illegal in Britain it will not succeed in preventing it from occurring. The doors of numerous illegal clinics will open, like before the abortion law was passed, which may well result in preventable deaths and even the spread of disease. Should Abortions Be Made Illegal In The U.K Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Essay About The Journey On The Novel, The Grapes

Essay About The Journey On The Novel, The Grapes The Grapes of Wrath Essay - Journey Author John Steinbeck's messages and ideas are effectively delivered to the readers through themes and key events in several levels that dominate the novel. The journey is a suitable key to unlock and dramatize Steinbeck's ideas in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath. In general overview of the novel, there are three levels of the journey. To begin with, the first level (a literal level) is unmistakably the Journey of the Joad family that sets up the story. Second level, or the general level, is Migrations of Workers journeying ambitiously towards and inside the state of California. And lastly, the Journey of Humanity would be the symbolic level that's probably being delivered not directly but more effectively to the readers. In every level of the journey, Steinbeck describes his point of view of the sullen society in turmoil during the Dust Bowl Era.we fit right in

Tappan Brothers, Abolitionist Philanthropists

Tappan Brothers, Abolitionist Philanthropists The Tappan brothers were a pair of wealthy New York City businessmen who used their fortunes to assist the abolitionist movement from the 1830s through the 1850s. The philanthropic efforts of Arthur and Lewis Tappan were instrumental in the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society as well as other reform movements and educational endeavors. The brothers became prominent enough that a mob sacked Lewiss house in lower Manhattan during the abolitionist riots of July 1834. And a year later a mob in Charleston, South Carolina, burned Arthur in effigy because he had financed a program to mail abolitionist pamphlets from New York City to the South. The brothers remained undaunted, and continued to assist the anti-slavery movement. They set an example that others followed, such as the Secret Six, the men who secretly funded the abolitionist fanatic John Brown before his fateful raid on Harpers Ferry. Business Background of the Tappan Brothers The Tappan brothers were born in Northampton, Massachusetts, into a family of 11 children. Arthur was born in 1786, and Lewis was born in 1788. Their father was a goldsmith and merchant and  their mother was deeply religious. Both Arthur and Lewis showed early aptitude in business and became merchants operating in Boston as well as Canada. Arthur Tappan was operating a successful business in Canada until the War of 1812, when he relocated to New York City. He became very successful as a merchant in silks and other goods, and garnered a reputation as a very honest and ethical businessman. Lewis Tappan was successful working for a dry goods importing firm in Boston during the 1820s, and considered opening his own business. However, he decided to move to New York and join his brothers business. Working together, the two brothers became even more successful, and the profits they made in the silk trade and other enterprises allowed them to pursue philanthropic interests. The American Anti-Slavery Society Inspired by the British Anti-Slavery Society, Arthur Tappan helped to found the American Anti-Slavery Society and served as its first president from 1833 to 1840. During his leadership the society became prominent for publishing a large number of abolitionist pamphlets and almanacs. The printed material from the society, which was produced in a modern printing facility on Nassau Street in New York City, showed a fairly sophisticated approach to influencing public opinion. The organizations pamphlets and broadsides often carried woodcut illustrations of the mistreatment of slaves, making them easily understandable to people, most importantly slaves, who could not read. Resentment Toward the Tappan Brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan occupied a peculiar position, as they were very successful in New York Citys business community. Yet the businessmen of the city were often aligned with the slave states, as much of the American economy before the Civil War depended on the trade in products produced by slaves, primarily cotton and sugar. Denunciations of the Tappan brothers became commonplace in the early 1830s. And in 1834, during days of mayhem that became known as the Abolitionist Riots, the house of Lewis Tappan was attacked by a mob. Lewis and his family had already fled, but most of their furniture was piled up in the middle of the street and burned. During the Anti-Slavery Societys pamphlet campaign of 1835 the Tappan brothers were widely denounced by pro-slavery advocates in the South. A mob seized abolitionist pamphlets in Charleston, South Carolina, in July 1835 and burned them in a huge bonfire. And an effigy of Arthur Tappan was hoisted high and set on fire, along with an effigy of abolitionist editor William Lloyd Garrison. Legacy of the Tappan Brothers Throughout the 1840s the Tappan brothers continued to help the abolitionist cause, though Arthur slowly withdrew from active involvement. By the 1850s there was less need for their involvement and financial support. Thanks in large part to the  publication of Uncle Toms Cabin,  Ã‚  abolitionist thought was delivered into American living rooms. The formation of the Republican Party, which was created to oppose the spread of slavery to new territories, brought the anti-slavery point of view into the mainstream of American electoral politics. Arthur Tappan died on July 23, 1865. He had lived to see the end of slavery in America. His brother Lewis wrote a biography of Arthur which was published in 1870. Not long after, Arthur suffered a stroke which left him incapacitated. He died at his home in Brooklyn, New York, on June 21, 1873.