Censorship in Media Essay -- Media Censoring News TV Essays

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the fall by the wayside exercise thereof or abridging the sinlessdom of speech, or of the press (United States Constitution 1789). Throughout the history of the United States of America, the Constitution has always been put to the test. The founders of this country created the first amendment to tolerate colonists to speak out against the British. In the 17th century, the press was accurate and informative with little competition among journalists. But today in the 21st century the constituent are different and the stakes are higher. Due to the great level of competition among journalists today, the news is often exaggerated in order to capture a larger viewing audience.Censorship is defined as Policy of restricting the public expression of ideas, opinions, conceptions, and impulses, which are believed to give the capacity to undermine the governing authority or the social and moral order which a uthority considers itself bound to protect? (Abraham 357). Political, religious, obscenity, and censorship affecting academic freedom are all equal in their destructiveness towards free speech. ?There are two different forms that censorship takes prior, which refers to advance suppression and ?post facto? which is suppression after it has been published? (Calvocoressi 10). Since the beginning of the written word, authorities have used both of these forms of censorship.The media is everywhere you turn. You can find the media in many different forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and now on the information superhighway, the Internet. In the serve of capturing ratings, who is the media hurting to a greater extent? Is it the people who are accused of a crime, such as O.J. Simpson, or is it the American public?s own fault for believe everything they hear? In my view, some limitations greatly need to be placed upon the first amendment of the U.S. Constitution in regard to freedom of the press because presently the media is doing more harm than good.The job of the media is to find the truth and tell it to the people. The media has the power to inform the public, but often the information they receive is distorted. The media has shaped our view of society and the subroutine by which we choose our leaders, make our rules, and make up our values. The media has the power to encourage people t... ...nated by lies and gossip, then the press will continue to print it. deeds CitedAbraham, Henry J. ?Censorship.? International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968 ed.Calvocoressi, Peter. Freedom to Publish. Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press, 1980.Corry, John. ?Fairness Most Foul.? The American Spectator November 1993 50-51.Deskowitz, Paul. Emergence of a Free Press. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1985.?FCC Tags Stern.? Newsweek 28 December 1992 65. Gabler, Neal. ?OJ the News as a Miniseries.? TV Guide. 30 July 1994 12-17.Holden, Stephen. ?The Medi a Monster Lurking Within.? Newsweek 1 October 1995 15.Lewis, Peter. ? almost freedom of the Virtual Press.? The New York Times 2 January 1996 B14.Nachman, Louis. ?About the media Circus.? The New York Times 26 June 1994 26.Orr, Lisa. Free Press, Free People, The Best Cause. London Columbia University Press, 1971.Shank, Joshua. ?Limbaugh Lies II.? The New Republic 8 August 1994 9-10.?Simpson Criticizes Media.? Jet 12 February 1996 38-40.Szykowny, Rick. ?Bewildering the Herd.? The humanistic November 1990 8-9.Williams, Patricia. ?Hate Radio.? Ms. March 1994 25-29.

The Great Gatsby: The Sympathetic Readers Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby The Sympathetic ReadersYou can easily become very kind to a display case by how the motive portrays him or her in a story. In The Great Gatsby the main character is an ostentatious bootlegger who pines for one thing, a married woman. Somehow, the author swindles the reader into being kind for Gatsby throughout the entire novel. Fitzgerald makes the reader compassionate by showing how Gatsby had extravagant parties for anyone who wanted to come, how he struggled to restore ahead in life, and how he give noticeeavored for Daisys love. Gatsby had an exuberant and lavish party almost every night. His house was respectable of heap, some of whom he had never met before. I weigh that on the premier night I went to Gatsbys house I was one of the few guests who had actu onlyy been invited. People were not invited - they went there. (45) Some may think Gatsby was only trying to swagger. However, if this was the feature he would have solely invited the people he wanted to show off to. To hold these prodigal parties Gatsby may have obtained funds from racketeering simply he still used it appropriately. He had dignified caterers, brilliant and luminous lights, scrumptious and exquisite food, and a grand orchestra at all of his parties. Gatsby let people have a great time at his expense. I like to come, one guest said. I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last a I tore my gown on a chair, and he (Gatsby) asked me my place and address-inside of a week I got a package from Croiriers with a new pointing gown in it. This incident was not even Gatsbys fault, but he was kind enough to pay for a brand new, exorbitant dress. Despite Gatsbys ex... ...sby fabricated that he had been the one driving the car. He waited distant Daisys house just to make sure Tom didnt aggrieve Daisy. The dictionary defines great as an adjective that means remarkable in magnitude, degree, or effectiveness, full of emotion, eminent, di stinguished, grand, markedly quality in character or quality, noble, remarkably skilled, marked by enthusiasm, used as a generalized term of approval. All of these name together though can not adequately describe Gatsby. ding declares, Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together. Nick vocally expresses his awe for The Great Gatsby. The reader is compelled to agree, conjuring up all of the sentiments of the very definitions of great. Despite some of the methods and antics utilized by Gatsby, in the end we all became sympathetic readers. The Great Gatsby The Sympathetic Readers Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays The Great Gatsby The Sympathetic ReadersYou can easily become very sympathetic to a character by how the author portrays him or her in a story. In The Great Gatsby the main character is an ostentatious bootlegger who pines for one thing, a married woman. Somehow, the author swindles the reader into being sympathetic for Gatsby throughout the entire novel. Fitzgerald makes the reader compassionate by showing how Gatsby had extravagant parties for anyone who wanted to come, how he struggled to get ahead in life, and how he endeavored for Daisys love. Gatsby had an exuberant and lavish party almost every night. His house was full of people, some of whom he had never met before. I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsbys house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited - they went there. (45) Some may think Gatsby was just trying to swagger. However, if this was the circumstance he would have just invited the people he wanted to show off to. To hold these prodigal parties Gatsby may have obtained money from racketeering but he still used it appropriately. He had dignified caterers, brilliant and luminous lights, scrumptious and exquisite food, and a grand orchestra at all of his parties. Gatsby let people have a great time at his expense. I like to come, one guest said. I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last a I tore my gown on a chair, and he (Gatsby) asked me my name and address-inside of a week I got a package from Croiriers with a new evening gown in it. This incident was not even Gatsbys fault, but he was kind enough to pay for a brand new, exorbitant dress. Despite Gatsbys ex... ...sby fabricated that he had been the one driving the car. He waited outside Daisys house just to make sure Tom didnt aggrieve Daisy. The dictionary defines great as an adjective that means remarkable in magnitude, degree, or effectiveness, full of emotion, eminent, distinguished, grand, markedly superior in character or quality, noble, remarkably skilled, marked by enthusiasm, used as a generalized term of approval. All of these terms together though can not adequately describe Gatsby. Nick declares, Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together. Nick vocally expresses his admiration for The Great Gatsby. The reader is compelled to agree, conjuring up all of the sentiments of the very definitions of great. Despite some of the methods and antics utilized by Gatsby, in the end we all became sympathetic readers.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers

BuddhismIn reading this account on Buddhism, the goal is, for you (the reader) to picture a fascinating belief system, that has been around since before Christ ever set foot on this earth. This will provide a connection to the minds and police wagon of the people who live and die in this sacred world, so that an understanding may be arroused and ultimatly give an acceptance as well as a clear path to minister to these people. The most important aspect of reaching out to people of other cults or religions could possibly be an understanding and universal ground with your neighbor. Therefore, knowing Buddhism and learning about it will help give you a stepping stone in you mission on spreading the gospel of Christianity, rundown expose you to some of the profoundly interesting culture of Asia. (Yamamoto 1)HistoryWe have all seen and heard about Buddha and the yin and yang, do to the exploitation of an ancient religion, however by from this popular fad is a complex and ancient reli gion deriving from a place called Kapilavastu located in southern Nepal. It began with a man named Siddhartha Gautama, who in fact was the son of a chieftain of the Sakya Clan. Basically he was a prince, enjoying all the luxuries accompanying it. He was born in at about 560 BC, it is problematical as to the exact history of his life, because of the many antithetical forms of Buddhism, however there are substantial bits and peaces that are agreed on among the different Buddhists. (Mead 23)He grew up in a sheltered type of life, in that his sire refused to let him see any human misery, so he was hugger-mugger from the outside world he was never meant know. However, one day at the age of twenty-nine he came to the conclusion of how empty his life had become. As an set of this, he decided to renounce all his worldly possessions and break all attachments he had in order to set out on a journey. A journey in search of peace and enlightenment. He then, on one fateful day set out on hi s voyage, eluding the royal attendants his father had contained him with. When reaching the outside, he experienced the effects of human suffering, by veiwing an old man, a leper, a corpse, and an ascetic. With this newfound truth he had discovered he know that worldly happieness was merely and illusion. After his departing from captivity he decided to give... ...ones interest and give them wish. Speaking of hope, it is a very powerful tool in evangelizing, especially when people need hope and something to debate in. With Buddhism people cannot interest there lives in a secure figure like God, they are unexpended to toil in the mysteries of ignorance and searching for truth, why search for truth if all you are called is ignorant, there is no hope in that. Heaven is especially authoritative because heaven is beautiful and full of life. In comparison to the Buddhist Nirvana of nothingness and complete voidness, people will understand that there is no hope in nothingness. Shouldn t we be searching for something if we are looking for truth? Not just a final answer of nothingness, it poses no real honour or incentive to love or obey. As with all religions they will fight back it is not unheard of. A spiritual warfare betrothal is eminent because we need to let them get out their side, which is good and fair. (Yamamoto 30-40) The only thing you need to know is how to respond and know all the basis of what they believe so that you can refute it. There are millions of unsaved souls in the world helping just one is a task we should all dupe on if not more.

Characteristics Of A Comedy Essay -- essays research papers

Characteristics of ComedyThere are many characteristics that make up a comedy. Characteristics such as mistaken identity, battle of the sexes, and jumping to conclusions are what set the comedic story apart from the tragedy. inwardly a comedy, no matter how much(prenominal) fault, and dismay may appear within the story, there always seems to be the classic ending of and they all lived happily ever after Comedies capture the watcher with a sense of compassion and hunch for the characters in the story. Each character has their own essence, to which they pertain a flaw of some sorts, which the audience can concern to. With the relation to characters there is defiantly a certain interest that is grabbed by the actors, which sucks the audience into the show. Within the comedic play Much To Do About Nothing, Shakespeare portrays many of the characteristics of a comedy. One of these characteristics is mistaken identity. When it is thought that the lady Hero is dead, the mutilateer fo r Claudio to marry Heros cousin is presented, yet Hero is playing a fabricated character of her cousin. Claudio had mistaken her identity for that of her cousins. The plan is not known at all until it all unwraps at the end of the play when the supposed cousin takes off her veil. In a modern comedy, mistaken identity is usually more settle, and less drastic then a wedding. Such as in the word picture Clerks, when the employee running the blood line (Dante) steps away from the counter, and asks his friend to watch the store. Then the Dantes ex-girlfriend comes into the store and asks for him. Dante has been sweating her for so long and wants to get back together, and so does she. His friend (Randal) being ignorant tells her he went home to change or hes in the back. She goes into the back of the store not to return until a few scenes later. Then she comes out from the dark back bathroom fulfilled, and out of breath to find Dante standing there talking to Randal. When she asks Dant e how he got to the front of the store so fast, he replies what are u talking about. It ended up that she was in the bathroom with another man who had gone into the bathroom earlier. She had made love with this stranger thinking it was Dante. Mistaken identity can be quite drastic at times, and then again can be a ambition come true.It seems within every comedy there is a batt... ...e jumps to the wrongful conclusion of this tragedy. Even though it seems like Claudio has much fault in the scandal, it is not at all his fault. Within modern day life it is not uncommon to find someone jumping to conclusions about someone, or a situation. Within the comedic sense it shows the ignorance of man, and how impatient we are to find out the truth. It seems as though through this characteristic of comedy, there is the reflection of mans impatience, and how we grab the offshoot possible answer without looking into it just to get an answer the easiest answer. All aspects and characteristics of comedy from the past can relate into characteristics of comedy form the present. Although stories and plots are different, the widely distributed formula to have a comedy remains the same throughout the ages. Relating these characteristics of the comedy Much To Do About Nothing, by Shakespeare, to comedies from the present is simple because every comedic story contains the same characteristics of a comedy. To be a comedy, a story must contain comedic characteristics. Without these characteristics, there would be no comedy, and with no comedy the foundation would frown.

Essay --

The educational process is multi dimensional for student teachers and then work materials, but since technology has come in our lives, it has become the last that completes the education process. Technology revolutionized education in so many ways .Now it has become an requisite tool for education ,for example using computers has made education much interesting in the eyes of students beca workout when the teachers uses visuals in the classroom, as a result it attracts the students and the surmount that they atomic number 18 studying about becomes understandable also meaningful by providing relevant graphs pictures posters maps and videos having the teacher to increase the level of understanding for the presented materials, clarify points support the messages and acquire more interest coming from the students. In my essay I will write about three main points the definition of educational technology why are we using computers in education after that why ar e we using books in education next can we replace books with computers finally I will conclude my essay with my opinion. Although using technology in education has made it more interesting, technology has its bad stance effects as well. It is honest that it is helpful but I think we should use it in moderation since we cant ever replace books with computers. To start off educational technology refers to the study and the ethical practice of facilitating education to enhance the students performance ,by the use and creation of management appropriate technological processes and resources. The word educational technology is connected with instruction theories and learning. heretofore though instructional theories basically covers the learning system and instruction... ...re the definition of educational technology, why are we using computers in education after that why are we using books in education to conclude can we replace books with computers. Although usin g technology in education has made it more interesting, technology has its bad side effects as well. It is true that it is helpful but I think we should use it in moderation since we cant ever replace books with computers. In the end I think books are better than computers for learning because they are more educational than computers however I think we can learn new things from computers which is why when it comes to education, We should use both books and computers so we can learn and educate more we should also use computers for education in moderation my point of view is that books are more effective in education because they are more reliable than computers.

Peter in da Vincis Last Supper Essays -- Leonardo da Vinci Last Supp

Leonardos The Last Supper depicts the sequence of events before saviors betrayal and crucifixion. Rather than entirely a snapshot in time, The Last Supper seems to be a continuous sequence of events, and a foreshadow of events to come. Two interpretations of the subject of the painting come to psyche the betrayal announcement and the first communion. Observing the impulsive Simon Peters interactions with Judas and John, Jesus and Thomas, it is clear that The Last Supper represents a conjoint presence of both the betrayal announcement and the introduction of the service. The main theme behind The Last Supper is Jesuss death. Jesus came to earth to be crucified as the sacrifice for the sins of mankind. Man cannot become righteous by his own whole shebang and are thus condemned to hell. But Jesus comes as a sacrifice to pay for those sins and thus all who trust in him and give their lives to God allow for be forgiven of their sins. This is what the Eucharist represents. The bread is Jesuss body broken for man, and it symbolizes Jesuss sacrifice on the cross. From a secular viewpoint, the Eucharist means nothing, so the main theme is evidently Jesuss announcement of the betrayal. Jesus already knows that Judas will betray him and accepts it because the betrayal is but one part of Gods plan. The reactions of the apostles as seen in the painting seem to differ, as both(prenominal) react to the betrayal while others appear to be receiving communion. Peters placement on the left side of the painting and his placement between John and Judas reflects his character. The painting is dissever with six apostles on either side of Jesus. The ones on the right are beside a lighted wall, whereas the ones on the left sink into the shadows. Peter is on the darke... ...himself claims Your patois will be paralyzed... before you predict with words what the painter shows in a moment (Steinberg, p. 53). Yet The Last Supper has become a masterpiece that has sparked umteen d ebates. Does it depict the first Holy Communion, or the prediction of the betrayal? Many have argued either way, and there are valid arguments for both. By examining the interactions of Peter with John, Judas, Jesus and Thomas, we see that indeed both events are represented. Instead of choosing to capture a single moment, Da Vincis masterpiece covers past, present and future events and both the institution of the Eucharist and the betrayal announcement. The Last Supper is truly complete work of art in every way. Works CitedHoly Bible. Wheaton Tyndale House Publishers Inc., 1996.Steinberg, Leo. Leonardos Incessant Last Supper. New York order Books, 2001.

Meditation

guess is believed to shake off originated from the followers of Buddhism. Buddhist teaching of Nirvana or the end of suffering may be attained by cultivating within oneself the values of morality, mindfulness and wisdom. The means to Mindfulness is through Meditation, the ancient Buddhist ritual.Meditation has been with the world for thousands of years. It has evolved from its spiritual origin and is practiced today for health, therapeutic and heartyness reasons as well. They have several techniques like, Breathing, Transforming, and Transcendental. The basic components that must be present in meditation argon a quiet place, a relaxed posture, deep concentration, and open mind.Apart from the religious relevance of Meditation, it in addition has its practical importance in our sophisticated and daily existence. Life these days can be so rushed. Most of the time, our energy is sapped and we ar over-fatigued. We work more, relax less. Our health can be negatively affected. If we s top for a few minutes and do Breathing Meditation we go out calm our nerves and reduce our stress.Meditation helps change mental attitudes. When our minds are troubled, we are generally unhappy. With Transforming Meditation we focus on pleasant thoughts and become individuals with peaceful and happy dispositions. Transforming Meditation is a common spiritual exercise of the Buddhist religion.Worldly concerns fill our minds with worries. We need to relieve our minds with this mental garbage and unwanted burden. Then and only then will we truly be liberated and in the process find peace of mind and gladness of heart. Even if we have the best things in life, thesePage 2 3/31/2017would not inescapably make us happy. It would be inner calm and quiet that would make for lasting and real joy, even in the most challenged situations. Such state could be attained if we are trained in the ways of Meditation.Controlling the mind is difficult. The mind is pliant that it goes with the flow of c ircumstances. When everything goes the way we want them to go, then we are pleased. If it is impertinent to how we want things to be, we feel bad. These things, pleasant and unpleasant, affect our disposition in life. Our being happy or sad depends on the occurrences in our daily existence. With Meditation we will learn to control our mind and consequently our heart, the seat of our emotions. Meditation creates an inner balance in us and it enables us to take both the difficult and motionless times with equanimity.Meditation drives away negative attitudes that cause us misery. When we resort to meditation as a routine we train our minds to focus on the positive. This way, we ever see the bright side of life.Most wellness clinics promote the practice of Meditation. Wellness through Meditation relaxes the body, calms the mind and soothes the soul to combat diseases and illness. Research is also ongoing to find conclusive health benefits of Meditation. They are optimistic that Media tion may help find cures for certain diseases and medical conditions. Meditation for health purposes is a mind-body practice in complimentary and alternative medicine.. There are many types of Meditation. A conscious mental process using certain techniques, such as focusing attention or maintaining a specific posture to suspend the stream of thoughts and relax the mind (NCCAM, 2007).As an alternative and complement to courtly medicine, Meditation may be used to heal mind and body maladies. Health and medical practitioners study the relationship of mans brain, mind, body and his demeanor and their reactions to each other. They are hoping to use the mind to influence the other body functions. Some health problems are caused or associated with the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral state of the individual. Examples of these ailments are anxiety, pain, depression, low self-esteem, mood swings, stress, insomnia and the physical and emotional pain of heart diseases, H IV/AIDS and cancer.Meditation helps patients handle their medical condition better through knowingness and acceptance. While meditating, a person concentrates on his body experience minus the distractions. The person is allowed to experience the sensation without the deductive reaction. The body is allowed to calm down, rest and relax.Managing stress, efficacy to cope, and therapeutic peace of mind complement cure for disorders accompanied by pain like arthritis. In other cases and disorders, prior to surgery, patients are made to undergo relaxation procedures that may lessen pain and shorten recovery time. Studies continue to find how mind-body interventions may be applied to the psychological part of treating patients with chronic ailments and as well as that in need of palliative care.Meditation is many things to many people, a practice that has been handed down through generations. It promotes the concept of mind causation in combating ailments, in de-stressing, in enhancing ones spirituality, conquering pain, training the mind and heart to things positive, and self-healing. The benefits of meditation extend from the spiritual, mental, psychological to the physical circumstances of people. They have calm, happy, positive and healthy outlook in life.Generally, meditators were transformed and have transcended.ReferencesDharma. (2007). Meditation and Mental Culture. Retrieved family 9, 2007Dharma. (2007). The Noble Eight-fold Path. Retrieved September 9, 2007 fromhttp//dharma.nef.ca/introduction/truths/NobleTruth-4htmlHow to Meditate.Org. (2002-2003). How to Meditate. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http//www.how-to-meditate.org/NCCAM. (2007, August 22). Meditation. Retrieved September 9, 2007 fromhttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/NCCAM. (2007, August 3). Meditation for Health Purposes. Retrieved September 9, 2007 fromhttp//nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htmNCCAM. (2007, July 13). Mind-Body Medicine An Overview. Retrieved September 9, 2007 f rom http//nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm

Human Resource Activities of Qantas Airways Essay

The Qantas Airways is the largest airline in Australia. Its Human Resource Management operates in the family in four study areas, which are business segments, corporate, shared services, development, and learnedness. This report card thrusts limelight to the Qantas airways HRM and its intent in ensuring perfect operations of the company. It further discusses swop oversight and line of credit analysis and contrive. The company has undergone intensive sort management much(prenominal) as cutting of prices and labor costs in order to stop high productivity, moderation of wages as sanitary as the introduction of conciliative structures through a versatile and motivated workforce. Moreover, the HRM is also responsible of ensuring that indemnify people are hired and prone necessary gentility under job analysis and design.However, despite the roles that the company has entrusted the HRM, there come been heightened cases of accidents and strikes from dissatisfied workers al leging that they are paid meager salaries. This shows a HRM gap in delivering its responsibilities. Therefore, the report further argues that the HRM has fai conduct in its change management and job design and analysis strategy. In order to correct the situation, the report further proposes that the HRM change its training and discourse model. As a means to an end, the report discusses some of the implications emerging from the HRM problems and ends with a comprehensive summary. Description of Qantas and their HRM ActivitiesThe Qantas Airways is Australias largest airline. It has a solid history as it began its business years backbone by transporting passengers and mails. Today, the company has expanded its operations in almost 140 destinations across the globe. It is Australias largest employers with around 37,000 employees. The human alternative management operates in the company in four major areas, which are business segments, corporate, shared services, and development and l earning. Under corporate level, the HRM is responsible for employees remuneration as well as benefits, the industrial relations of the airline with its competitors and development of the management. In the business segment level, the HR teams oftentimes collaborate with other business segments to operate successful delivering of strategies that go away ensure competitive advantage.Human resource has a major responsibility in the company and under shared services the HRM is responsible of managingworkers records, supporting remuneration and enlisting process and managing employees compensation as well as coming up with strategical plans on staff travelling schedules and schemes (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2009). Finally, under the learning and development level, the HRM comes up with training programs for employees to help them deliver their work effectively. HR Functions Change Management and Job Analysis and Design at the Qantas Airways Discussion of Two HR functions in the QantasChange ManagementThe Qantas airline was formerly owned by the administration hence did not perceive efficiency and profits as its prime aim (Rothkopf, 2009). After its privatisation in 1995, the HRM had to adopt variant management practices in order to overcome the companys external and internal influences. The HRM in their change management has emphasised on cutting costs and more so reduction of labour costs to guarantee heightened productivity, moderation of wages as well as the introduction of flexible structures through a versatile and motivated workforce (Marks, 2007). Cutting labour costs in the Qantas airways have involved strict measures from the HRM such as reducing wages and salaries through eliminating costly practices (Hernandez, 2011.). The Qantas airline HRM has undertaken immense changes in order to cope with diverse external and internal accompanimentors (Gillen and Morrison, 2005). Various factors led to changes in the HR management such as the need to h ave more profits in the company and the fact that the company was under government ownership.This means that the airline had maintained its authoritarian hierarchical structure, autocratic form of leaders, and strict procedures and rules (Hughes, 2012). In addition, the airline has been involved in a major change as far as training is concerned and in 2003, the HRM facilitated in the expansion of the companys apprenticeship programme (Gunn, 1988). According to Kirkpatricks model of learning and training, training helps in ensuring affirmative results (Kearns, 2010). Job Analysis and DesignJob design and analysis is the cornerstone of the Qantas HRM. Job analysis can be viewed as the hub of all human resource management activities that are needed for effective organizational functioning (Berman et al, 2009).Under job analysis, the HRM is responsible for planning, recruitment, selection, placement, and induction of workers (Berman et al, 2009). The procedures that are often supported by job analysis process include personnel selection, training, job evaluation as well as surgery appraisal (Berman et al, 2009). In addition, the process of job analysis supports the Qantas organizational strategy in dealing with market competition and talent crisis. According to human resource theory, strategic HRM focuses on connecting all HR functions with organizational goals (Rothwell and Benscoter, 2012). The Qantas airline HRM in the process of job analysis determines various training needs of workers. Moreover, in job analysis process, the HRM determines on some of the things that affect behavior in the company. After job analysis process, the next step is job design, which aims at outlining and organizing duties, responsibilities, as well as tasks in a single unit in order to achieve particular objectives. Job design in the Qantas airways is essential in enabling effective feedback. In addition, training is an imperative part in job design in order to make sure that employ ees are conscious of their work demands. Training encompasses leadership training to employee orientation (Aulenbach, 2007).Development and training plays an imperative role in ensuring success of a company. Today, most organizations view training as an imperative role of human resource (Price, 2011). From research conducted, it is unmingled that most organizations such as the Qantas airways are spending a lot of money on training with a belief that it go forth consequently give them a competitive advantage in both global and local market (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2011). According to human resource theory (Bacon et al, 2009), workers need maximum support from human resource function. In that case, the Qantas airways offer training to staff in order to motivate them as well as ensure competitive advantage in the company. Frances (2009) avows that training is imperative in ensuring imperative piloting skills. In 2009, the company opened approximately $10 million staff training c enters in an effort to build on economies of scale. The HRM through job design help the workforce to make vital adjustments. Problems and Implications set about by QantasAlthough the two major basic functions of HRM is to ensure successful change management and job analysis and design, the Qantas airline has undergonethrough various challenges in these two areas. The HRM in their change management focused on cutting costs such as labor costs in order to increase productivity, ensure moderate workers salary and introduce flexible structures. However, they have failed in ensuring effective and non-biased change management. This is because, workers recently have been complaining of being paid meager salaries and level off gone for strikes. Under change management, they should have ensured successful remuneration of employees. However, it is embarrassing to note that a reputable company like Qantas with such successful change management strategy has failed to take care of its employe es. The unsolved salary issues have caused employee outcry and various scandals in the company.The pilots have been protesting over meager salaries and the union workers have continued to demonstrate over pay inequality arguing they are paid 25% less than their equals in Victoria (Hernandez, 2012). In a curriculum vitae that was conducted in 2012, on three thousand Qantas employees, the workers expressed dissatisfaction with the management of the company mostly the HRM (McDonald, 2012). Serious staff challenges have continued threatening the company provided up to now the HRM is still opposed to come up with a new change management model such as ADKAR model that will cater for the interests of workers and allow the company to focus activities on particular business results (Hiatt, 2006). Under Job analysis and design, it is apparent that the HRM made immense mistakes in choosing the castigate candidates. Despite heavy training programs that the HRM has invested in during job ana lysis and design process, it is only in 2008 that the company was involved in an in-flight incident, which caused serious injuries to passengers and death of 129 passengers delinquent to specious commands (Frances, 2009). In addition, it is apparent that training has not had a positive impact in the company since in 2006, the Qantas Airways pilots failed to monitor their position hence stop up to the wrong runway.Moreover, in 2009, the companys pilots failed to acknowledge and decided to overshoot their destinations by 150 miles (Frances, 2009). Frances (2009) alleges that captains in the company are not skilled enough as they lacked knowledge on use of stick shaker and stall recovery thus causing serious accidents. It is hence clear that the HRM part leaves a lot to be desired as incidences have continued to intensify despite the companys change management and job design and analysis strategy (Louise, 2011). Withsuch a successful airline company, it is apparent that its HRM is ineffectual and has only led to losses than success. The company asserts that it is committed fully to development its people, yet they do not seem to know how they can forge a beneficial relationship with its staff. There has been a lot of change in the company including cutting of costs, developing training programs, outsourcing working rules and regulations, collaborating with the unions yet the situation seem to be moving from bad to worse. It is apparent that the HRM has been incompetent in hiring the right personnel and dealing with employees. Implications to StakeholdersVarious stakeholders include trade unions, government, shareholders, customers, community, business partners, employees, the media, and non-governmental organizations. They all have a major influence on the companys performance and its strategy. The media coverage on wrong decisions in the Qantas have affected negatively on the companys image. The problems discussed obviously imply that the HRM, shareholders, and business partners have been reluctant in solving the current crisis hence affecting the performance of the company. Because of the accidents reported, most consumers are not keen on using Qantas airline hence affecting profitability (BBC News, 2012). Additionally, the challenges in the company have also affected employees and consumers on grounds that they have lost confidence with the rill of the company (Sandilands, 2011). The looming disagreement between Qantas and its pilots shows clearly that the HRM and business partners have failed in ensuring they contribute in effective management of the company. In addition, the Non-governmental organizations have failed in conflict resolution between the Qantas and its employees.It is apparent that the HRM, business partners, and non-governmental organizations involved have failed in coming up with rational solutions to ensure such current disputes do not develop into a major crisis. Instead of the companys CEO, Alan Joyce holding productive talks, he has been busy making provocative comments in numerous heated exchanges. For instance, he condemned union members on issues regarding wages arguing that their talks and protests were baseless (Bamber, 2011). The union leaders in return criticized N senior managers and accused them of tarnishing the brand image of the company art object they were awarding themselves hefty salaries.This hence implies that thecommunity as well as Union members have lost confidence on the companys stakeholders and this in return has led to bad publicity and reduced profitability. Consequently, the media has given a wide coverage on the companys latest controversies meaning that it is benefiting financially because of the developing story. It is upsetting to see Qantas employees go on strike due to poor management issues in a company owned by various stakeholders. The shareholders, business partners, the HRM, CEO, and Nongovernmental Organizations have a major role to play in ensurin g issues in the company are resolved and the company goes back to its initial economic situation. Therefore, they need to sit down and come up with a rational plan towards improvement (Bamber, 2011). Action plan and RecommendationsWith the increasing incidences, there is hence a need to come up with an action plan. First, all the stakeholders must meet to discuss on ways to solve the recent crisis. In the meeting, there will be change of communication and training model to more rational models that are employee oriented. The HRM will black market out the process and engage other stakeholders to give ideas on how salary and training issues ought to be handled. The change process will take place from 1st to 28th November in the companys boardroom. To carry out the process, the employees will be interviewed in order to show some of the areas they would need change. The entire companys workforce and managers will be given information concerning the changed plan. The recent problems in volving HRM function has caused the company to suffer financially. The Qantas airline in their website asserts that, Qantas is committed to providing meaningful jobs with competitive salaries and superior benefits (Qantas, n.d). However, they have failed in fulfilling their promise as the strikes reported tell a different story. In addition, they allege that they provide targeted, quality training to the Qantas group and assists in the development of skills (Qantas, n.d). However, the accidents reported show a major gap in their training strategy.The HRM should revisit their training and communication model and make a change on it. It is time the company travel out of a market nuzzle change strategy that only focus on making profits and focus on employee oriented approach that consider the interests of workers. With an effective trainingmodel, there will be workshop and focus group sessions where employees air their grievances and come up with solutions to their problems (Frances, 2009). In addition, effective HRM communication should contribute successfully to teamwork, learning, innovation, safety, and productivity (Krizan et al, 2010). Moreover, the HRM should invest heavily on their pilot candidates and ensure that they get the right training. Coming up with a HR strategic oriented communication model is important in guaranteeing that employees are at par with requirements and needs of the company. This will help in discussing paramount issues affecting the running of the company. Once there is fit between communication and training model in relation to the role of the HRM, the next step should be to come up with a tactical plan on how the HR will be managing their roles to ensure there are no more scandals.The HR needs to be involved fully in daily operations of the company to ensure alignment with needs of the employees. Moreover, the HRM should come up with performance management plan, which is imperative in following up on the performance of the staff members. The HRM should also be transparent in its strategy. This means that the companys operational and strategic agenda should be communicated clearly to workers and must be accepted. This will ensure employees needs are met and there are no operational challenges. In addition, its mission should be shared with other shareholders to make sure they are on the right path to correcting the image of the company. Todays HR models recognize on the fact that people do not leave their issues at home when they are going to work. For the company to be successful, it should focus on the needs of the workers whether personal or professional. This will motivate the workers to deliver quality work. In that case, there will be less accidents and remuneration problems in the company (Frances, 2009). In addition, in training sessions, the HR should focus on changing staff members attitude towards work and teach them on how to have a positive attitude. This will help in motivating workers and enc ouraging them to air their grievances through dialogue.

Aids prevention and transmission

human immunodeficiency virus/Aids prevention refers to all measures put by individuals or groups such as governments, non-governmental sectors, as well as former(a) types of organizations towards the containing of the disease from spreading and attacking much people. Usually preventive efforts cede one goal, to halt or bring to considerably low levels, the spread of the disease. human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS is transmitted through contact with the body fluids of an infected to open body parts of another somebody.The fact that, the disease is a serious terror to national economies especially in Africa is highlighted by a recent study by (CDC, 1999) which indicated that, some African governments were spending close to 20% of their national gross domestic product income on Aids related programs (Wolitski, Janssen, Holtgrave, & Peterson, 2004). This is saddening viewed against the backdrop that, some(prenominal) of the developing countries who are, unfortunately the worst affecte d by the Aids scourge do not have enough capital to finance their national budgets leave alone affording to spend so exorbitantly on Aids related issues.Prevention measures. In stage to deal with the problem in a better way, the World Health Organization has come up with programs aimed at specifically dealing with the problem. Such measures take in provision of notes to sponsor specific governments efforts towards Aids prevention, provision of free anti-retroviral drugs, advocacy, as well as through promotion of sex education. So as to better address prevention of the disease, a better understanding of HIV/AIDS is crucial. As noted by, Mason, Noble, Lindsey, et al. 1988), modes of transmission include, direct contact with an infected persons blood or serum which happens especially when a HIV positive person engages in unprotected sex with another person. This is the most habitual transmission mode and as a result, it has been a subject of research for many researchers. Other tra nsmission methods include, from mother to baby, which occurs during birth by an infected mother, as well as during breast feeding. Un-sterilized syringes are also are a common means of blood transmission especially if the syringes are used in multiple instances.Blood transfusion is also another common mode of transmission in many places. This happens in cases whereby blood is not properly screened onwards transfusion and therefore, contaminated blood ends up being transfused. Prevention Programs In the US, many of the prevention programs have targeted the minority groups as well as five-year-old people in high schools and colleges. This is especially the case due to the ample evidence suggesting the groups to be more vulnerable to the scourge.For instance, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) has initiated many projects targeting specifically the young people which train them in self protection, as well as Aids awareness programs which increase the awareness of the disease to serve w ell those who think the disease is a myth. Other programs include the provision of contraceptives such as condoms which research has shown to be one of the most effective prevention measures subsequently abstinence. Other prevention programs currently in the US include, Diffusion of Effective Behavior Interventions (DEBI), which targets the youth by advocating for positive behavior change.Conclusion. The key to prevention of HIV/Aids lays in the initiation of prevention programs as discussed above. Prevention is the best cure so far to Aids and therefore the government should offer more funds towards prevention programs. There is a need for all stakeholders join efforts and fight the scourge. Further research is also necessary to ensure that, more acquaintance is amassed on better methods of fighting the disease. With collaboration from all stakeholders, the fight against HIV/Aids is likely to be won and therefore this will afford governments funds to carry out other functions suc h provision of basic right to citizenry.

Abandoned Senior Citizens

Are Americans prepared for the increasing spells of antiquated population? In the next century the anileest of old will be the fast-breaking growing population in the nation. According to The AGS Foundation for Health and Aging (2005), the size and character of the older in the United States is rapidly changing. Since the 1900 closely of the US population was under the age of 65, but this drastically changed over the course of the century. In fact, the senior citizen population grew from 3. 1 million to 33. 2 million from 1900 to 1994.Further more, by the year 2030, one out of every five Americans will be a senior citizen. Our society must prepare to handle the increasing number of elderly that are abandoned by family or have no family to lot for them. As a result, the elderly are those who stand to suffer the most due to the lack of proper care. Longer life spans and infertility is creating a serious unbalance in ages. Moreover, with the continual growing numbers of the age base 65 and above, Americans may not be ready to handle the burden that will come with supporting the elderly. Senior Citizen Population is on Brink of magnification in World and in United States. This shift in the age structure of the worlds population poses challenges to society, families, businesses, health care providers and policymakers to meet the unavoidably of agedness individuals according to the numerate Bureau, (2009, Para. 6). To further illustrate the major impact Americans will cognise due to the over growing elderly population, the Division of the U. S. Census Bureau published middle- series projections that gives a good demonstration of growth percentages from 1990 to 2050 by race.Figure 1. 0. Statistics of The Elderly Population Projections of the United States, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic tune The worst is yet to come for the elderly feeble as an unbalanced society cannot or will not provide a constituent hand. In fact, go children are projected to st ill outnumber the older population worldwide in 2050, the under 15 population in the United States is expect to fall below the older population by that date, increasing from 62 million today to 85 million. Census Bureau, (2009, par a. ). These shocking numbers should be a wakeup call to our society to prepare for the impact on the financial strain the elderly will poses to their families. Consequently, children or families of the elderly will subscribe the burdens of fashioning difficult decisions to help or to turn the other cheek and walk away. Moreover it will be the elderly who will suffer the most from creation abandoned and forgotten in the care of hospitals, nursing homes, halfway homes, or hospices for someone else to worry about.The sad and unfortunate reality of what lurks beneath the decisions to leave frail and aging parents with others is the desire to be free or rid of the responsibility of lovingness for ones elderly parents themselves. In time, the once young a nd viral independent adult who were able to contribute to society, have withering bodies that become sick, disabled, or suffer from decease and are considered too old and too much(prenominal)(prenominal) trouble to deal with. When the elderly are left alone they experience health risks, mental instability, social isolation, loneliness, and depression (Saul, 1983).Truly one cannot image something worse than watching an elderly per newss mind slowly deteriorate due to lack of stimulation, excited support, or love a lonely elderly craves. Typically, dementia or loss of memory sets in to the point that an elderly person cannot remember what happened from one day to the next. Eventually, the despondent elderly becomes sicker, or worse disabled from a fall or a non- curable decease like Parkinsons or Alzheimers, which leads to help littleness, disorientation, bitterness, and anger because they cannot remember or help themselves.In truth, it can be a rude awakening witnessing ones par ent turn into a different person in what seems like overnight. The grand vivacious spirit that one loved about a parent or family member has become this empty shell of a person. Indeed the experience spoken of comes from one who has become the parent of a parent diagnosed with Parkinsons two years ago, and who knows that any illness or disability can be could be seriously reduced with the proper medical attention, nutrients, and most of all the nurturing love an elderly person earns for. Mind blowing, yet all too honest are the statistics piling up in hospitals that have no family to pick them up or left alone in nursing homes hoping for family to come for them, or worse left alone in their homes with no one to turn to (Pek Yee, 2009). Specifically one such story happened to a friends familiar in law who lost his mother to a horrible and tragic devastation when his father died three years ago.Shortly after his fathers death his mother became distraught and depressed and started attending him and his family frequently because he lived the closest to her apart from his sisters, so he wanted to help his mother by the pain of her loss. During her visits it seemed his mother was pulling through her depression, but she often had heavy bouts of deep sadness accompanied by anger and hostility. In truth the son and his family experienced mental abused by the mothers enraged hostility however, his family managed to suppress the desire to lash second at her because they knew she did not live with them permanently.Eventually, the mother became more despondent and asked her son if she could live with him, so she did not have to live by herself anymore. Although she did have two other daughters, they some(prenominal) lived in another urban center and never made an effort to see her or have her come visit them. In spite of the mothers sadness, the son denied his mother from nutrition with him mainly because he believed her negativity would be too hard to live with. Since, she was in good health her son did not see a grounds for her to move in with him because this would add more responsibility for him and definitely create tension for his family.As a result of the denial, the mother felt rejected, sorrowful, and heartbroken and became disjunct from everyone and began wondering off from time to time without letting anyone know where she would go. Finally one day his mother called and said she was going away for a while but again without word of where she planned on going. Sadly and one week later was found face down in a brook dead about 10 miles from her home with only her purse in hand. The authorities who found her said she had been dead for four days and ruled her death a suicide.In short, they said she probably wondered off in distress and decided to take her life rather than be alone and without someone to care for her. Unfortunately, the son will have to live with knowing he rejected her and the possibility that he caused her to take her life, which can be terrible weight to carry for the rest of ones life It stands to reason that children will experience the pain and guilt of knowing either they help their aging parents or fix to disassociation.In fact, the brutal reality is that children are becoming the parents as their aging parents are vastly becoming the children to support. Indeed the experience of having time and money bleak away from the children who care for their aging parents, along with baring the extra responsibilities of caring for them, all take a toll on a familys emotional and physical health. At first, one wants to believe that once their elderly parent is placed safely in a nursing home the responsibility of caring for their parent is lifted form them and shifted over to the care workers, but in reality this is not true at all.To begin with, the parents finances need to be take care of regular visits to the doctor, supplies like clothes and hygiene products, and most importantly regular che cks with the nursing home to make sure the parent or family member is not mistreated. Of course, nursing homes will feed them three meals a day, bath them, administer their medicine routinely, and take care of the everyday task of do sure they do not hurt themselves.However, if a medical emergency should arise and a family member is not there to help, the nursing home on the nose ships the elderly family member off to the emergency room, for someone more equipped can help them, which can be a horrifying experience if the elderly person is left to go through the experience alone. Typically if an elderly person does not have a family member to pick him or her up at the hospital after they are discharged, the hospitals social worker will be assigned to place them in State adroitness or arrange to dropped him or her off at his or her home, even if the elderly person is not equipped to take care of him or herself.It is no wonder that elderly living alone have higher risks of increasin g functional disability and much broader clinical detections of social loneliness and depression (Shu-Chuan, 2004). Thus, both the elderly and their families suffer in some form or another. Once upon a time aging gracefully was respected and adorned, but today aging has become a frightening look at the future and a sad end to ones youth. Why is becoming old such a scary place to go for so many, perhaps because the awareness people have that they too could end up sick, alone, and abandoned.A prime typesetters case of why people are so afraid would be how our nations nursing homes have become a dumping ground for the elderly. mavin only needs to venture into a States nursing facility to witness what elderly are experiencing. Underneath all the hype that the elderly are rise up taken care and respected, lays the ugly truth of decreased standards of living conditions. To begin with, elderly are left in their soiled underwear for hours at a time, or sometimes left lying in their beds all day long without food or drink.If an elderly person is sick and incapable of doing for him or herself, or a family member does not take the time or appropriate measures to stand up for the parent or family member staying in nursing home, terrible things can happen. Moreover, health care providers are increasingly becoming more abusive, neglectful and defiant, which is aiding in destroying the health and the very fabric of our elderly generation. regretfully the aging frail have no other choice but to submit their selves to whatever care they can receive leaving them helplessly in the hands of retirement or nursing workers who do not care about them.As time progresses more senior citizens are feeling the aches and trouble of growing older and abandonment, but this does not seem to matter because he or she continues to wait patiently and hope someone will come visit or care for them pic Figure 2. 0. An Alone and Hopeful Elderly Women Patiently Waits for Someone to Visit Her. Some one needs to care for and help the elderly, despite the implied burdens. In the forefront of peoples mind that have had to give up or change their lives to accommodate the aging parent or family member, there lies a desire to help in some way.However, if the surface were pulled back underneath would lay admissions of oppressions of too much to bear. Thus, the uglier side of the naked truth is revealed, which is less and less the children of the elderly refuse to take on the responsibility that comes with caring for the elderly. Out of sight, out of mind is all too often the guiltless fall back for families unwilling to help. Surely, someone needs to care for and help the elderly, despite the implied burdens.Helping the elderly might be burdensome, but life is life regardless of age. Of course, helping the elderly is a heavy burden to some but life is life, regardless of age. With this in mind, it stands to reason that our nation needs to wise up and nurture the proper support struc ture to our badly needed aging society to create balance. So that families need not look at growing old as a scary road to venture down or aging as a strain or burden, but rather as a gift to be grateful for.

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay

Write a statement explaining how you plan estimate with learners including planning for holistic assessments and comparing assessment methods and adapting methods to meet individual needsAs assessment or evaluation is a method of judging the performance of an individual learner, therefore a written record of targets should be written break so that a learner knows what is expected of them and by when it should be achieved. The assessment method should allow the opportunity for reflection as each area of reading is completed. It is a valuable source of schooling which can be used to help learners take control of their scholarship.When I first go out to visualise a learner within the carefulness sector I first establish if they know what their course entails any previous learning they already have. A discussion on their job role is also import at this time.I then get the learner to enroll in a learning styles diagnostic in order to establish how they learn best, so that when it comes to providing help and support within their qualification, I can ensure that I provide the information in a manner which best suits their learning needs.I would also get them to take a maths and English diagnostic if they need to do the key skills or functional skills part of the model. By doing this I can again find out areas which need further development and areas which they are efficient in.The information I have gathered here I would place onto their annex A ILP, stating how I would best support them with their learning, i.e.- booklets or discussions on fuss topics.My next step would then be to carry out a skill scan with them to find out which parts of the Diploma framework they participate in and how confident they are in carrying them out. By doing this we can ascertain what areas of the NVQ would be suited to a particular learner. This information would again be added to the learners fender A ILPBy placing all of this information onto the Annex A ILP I can then loo k at the best way of going about(predicate) assessing for each criteria taking into account learners individual needs using the best assessment methods for each of the learners i.e.-*Test*Observation*Past experiences*Knowledge evidence* pass and answers*Witness TestimonyIt is import to clarify with the learner a safe and valid process of assessment which both assessor and learner are smart with and ensures that it is a suitable method for providing the required evidence needed to hit the required target.By ensuring that a holistic approach to assessment takes place in the planning and collecting of evidence, we can ensure that a wider scope of the frame work can be covered. For example if I go into a care home to observe a personal care activity I may also find that other areas are also covered such as communication moving and handling etc.The assessment method is about assessing whether or not the learner is competent within their field of work, assessing them against the framew ork set out within the NVQ framework. This can be achieved through using arrange of assessment methods*Test*Observation*Past experiences*Knowledge evidence* suspense and answers*Witness TestimonyWith the range and flexibility of assessment methods available to a learner it has the advantage of allowing assessments to be individualised to the needs of individual learners. It also allows assessment to be carried out in a way that is highly individualised to the needs of the candidate, assessor and the area of work being assessed.

Importance of Ethics in Business as an Academic Discipline

0. 1OUTLINE OF THIS PAPER This paper is discussed under the fol confuseding broad ambits Preliminaries 1. Statement of the Problem 2. Executive Summary Main typography 1. Introduction to Business respectable motive 2. object lesson doctrine as an Academic Discipline 3. Importance of honourable motive in Business as an Academic Discipline 4. The instance Against Business morals Education 5. Conclusion 0. 2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Question 1 Discuss the importance of Ethics in trade as an Academic Discipline. 0. 3EXECUTIVE compendiumIn todays in high spiritsly competitive, performance-driven art organisation climate, regulations atomic number 18 non enough professional honourable motive codes ar non enough the old regulate of commercial enterprise respectable motive is non enough. According to a 2003 survey of incorporate directors and everyday counsel conducted by the National Association of bodily Directors and the the Statesn embodied Counsel Association, th e two groups overwhelmingly agree that the single measure that would more or less improve corporate governance is the establishment by senior management of an honourable business culture. And, Another clear message of the survey is that honorable petabitership from the top is the key to reducing corporate malfeasance. Considering the estimable failures in the last some(prenominal) years and the resulting crisis in confidence, a sincere commitment to creating and sustaining an honest business culture in existence and private sectors has never been more important. It is important that sever everyy individual feels personally honorablely responsible. How an individual treats others, is affected by the way the individual is treated within the administration or by society.The focus on honest motive provides a guide to individual and formational actions in a consistent manner. The call into chief ethical motive tries to answer is Is this the estimable thing to do? The eco nomic consumption of ethical inquiry is to create a frame subject area of general principles or righteousness and wrong, what unrivaled might do, and what ones duties are. The ethical application in a business situation is for managers to draw a line between ethical motive and individual or institutional self-interest. ethical analysis involves assessing issues and constituteing fear to the effects of capability decisivenesss on the lives of those who go forth be affected.The imperatives of day-to-day institutional performance are so compelling that there is little time or inclination to divert attention to the moral content of administrational decision- fashioning. honorableity appears to be so esoteric and qualitative in nature that it lacks substantive analogy to objective and quantitative performance. An effective organizational culture should advertise ethical style and discourage unethical conduct. Admittedly, ethical demeanour may cost the organization. gra de up though ethical problems in organizations continue to greatly concern society, organizations and individuals, the potential impact that organizational culture plenty postulate on ethical behavior has not reliablely been explored. What is needed in todays complicated times is for more organizations to step forward and operate with more positive and ethical cultures. Ethical decision do is key to the very fabric of administration and governance, either in a business denounceting or government operations. To have an ethical organization or business enterprise, requires ? having a critical mass of ethically responsible individuals ? romoting norms that win ethical behavior ? having leaders who execute ethically and serve as ethical role models for others to emulate. 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1What is Ethics? Ethics has been defined in m all different ways by various flock, depending on the perceptive they have and to a fault the context of the definition. whatever of the thought s and definitions of term Ethics are as follows ? Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Ethics means the continuous effort of canvas our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to visualize that we, and the institutions we attend to shape, live up to the standards that are reason outable and solidly-based. ? Ethics is the study and development of ones ethical standards. It is necessary to constantly examine ones standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. ? Ethics refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from behaving in an unacceptable manner, such as rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander or fraud. Ethical standards let in standards relating to rights such as rights to life, the right to freedom from injury and the right to privacy. ? Ethics has to do with acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments and fashioning our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone. ? Ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many a(prenominal) other(prenominal) situations in which they go on themselves as friends, parents, children, citizens, business nation, and professionals. . 2Definition of Terminologies associated with Ethics What are the differences between comforts, morals and ethics? They all provide behavioral rules, after all. It may seem like split up hairs, unless the differences can be important when persuading others. Ethics Ethics may be defined as rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the appendages of a profession. Ethics tend to be codified into a formal system or fructify of rules which are explicitly adopted by a group of people e. g. medical ethics.Ethics are thus internally defined and adopted, whilst morals tend to be externally imposed on other people. If you accuse someone of being unethical, it is equivalent of calling them unprofessional and may well be taken as a significant contumely and perceived more personally than if you called them immoral (which of course they may similarly not like). Values Values are the rules by which we make decisions ab reveal right and wrong, should and shouldnt, strong and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over other.Values can be defined as beliefs of a person or kind group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something) he has very conservatives set Morals Morals have a greater affable element to value and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. We thus judge others more strongly on morals than values. Morals can be defined as motivation based on ideas of right and wrong. Mor al conduct is a mood arousing good behavior with others by showing happy mien, nice wording, and kind manners.Norms Norms are the behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group. They have been defined as the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit. Failure to stick to the rules can result in severe punishments, the most feared of which is exclusion from the group. They have also been described as the customary rules of behavior that coordinate our interactions with others. The social norms indicate the established and approved ways of doing things, of dress, of speech and of appearance. 1. 3Applications of EthicsEthics have been adapted in various areas of life such as Legal ethics This encompasses an ethical code governing the conduct of people engaged in the practice of law. The model rules address the client-lawyer dealingship, duties of a lawyer as advocate in adver sary proceedings, dealings with persons other than clients, law firms and associations, customary service, advertising, and of importtaining the integrity of the profession. Respect of client confidences, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in statements to others, and professional independence are some of the defining features of legal ethics.Professional responsibility is the area of legal practice that encompasses the duties of attorneys to act in a professional manner, obey the law, avoid conflicts of interest, and put the interests of clients ahead of their own interests. Professional ethics This concerns the moral issues that become because of the specialist hunchledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public. The professional carries superfluous moral responsibilities to those held by the population in general.This is because professionals are unfastened of making and acting on an informe d decision in situations that the general public cannot, because they have not received the relevant preceptal activity. For example, a layman member of the public could not be held responsible for failing to act to save a car crash victim because they could not give an emergency tracheotomy. This is because they do not have the relevant knowledge. In contrast, a fully trained doctor (with the tame equipment) would be capable of making the correct diagnosis and carrying out the procedure and we would think it wrong if they stood by and failed to help in this situation.You cannot be held accountable for failing to do something that you do not have the ability to do. This additional knowledge also comes with authority and power. The client places trust in the professional on the basis that the service provided bequeath be of benefit to them. It would be preferably possible for the professional to use his authority to exploit the client. An obvious example is that of the dentist wh o carries out unneeded dental work on his patients in fiat to gain more money. It is likely that the patient will not have sufficient knowledge to question what is being done, and so will undergo and pay off for the treatment.Work ethic This is viewed as a set of values based on the moral virtues of hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. Good work ethics may include being ? reliable ? having initiative ? maintaining social skills 1. 4Branches of Ethics descriptive Ethics it simply involves describing how people behave and/or what sorts of moral standards they claim to follow. Descriptive ethics will include research from the sports stadiums of anthropology, psychology, sociology and explanation in order to determine what people do or have believed about moral norms. . g. a description of what clubs and executives actually do value Descriptive ethics is sometimes referred to as comparative ethics because so mu ch activity can involve comparing ethical systems comparing the ethics of the agone to the present, comparing the ethics of one society to another and comparing the ethics which people claim to follow with the actual rules of conduct which do describe their actions. any said, descriptive ethics asks two basic questions 1. What do people claim as their moral norms? 2. How do people actually behave when it comes to moral problems?Metaethics this investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? It is a philosophical study of the center, nature and methodology of moral judgments and terms, relations between moral concepts, the correct ways of arguing about moral issues, similarities and differences between various normative systems (e. g. , morality, religion, law, etiquette, aesthetics, the requirements of prudence, the judgments of taste), etc.There are ques tions about morality that are not concerned with its content, being neither questions on what principles there should be nor how we moldiness live. These spring instead from puzzles about the logical form of morality. For example, the question of the objectivity or subjectivity of moral judgements and the problem of the logical relation between moral beliefs and factual beliefs are not directly concerned with the content of any particular form of moral life, scarce with what the general logical rules of any morality or any moral argument, whatever it advocates or condemns, must be.According to Richard Garner and Bernard Rosen, there are three kinds of meta-ethical problems, or three general questions ? What is the meaning of moral terms or judgments? ? What is the nature of moral judgments? ? How may moral judgments be supported or defended? A question of the first face might be, What do the words good, bad, right and wrong mean? For example, until you have decided whether moral beliefs reflect some objective truth or are dependent on the personal desires of their holders you cannot know what form of argument is appropriate for the support or refutation of any given belief.Indeed you may not know if rational argument about morality is possible at all. Normative ethics Takes on the task of arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. Normative ethics is concerned with classifying actions as right and wrong without bias, as opposed to applied ethics. e. g. an account of what quite a littles and executives should valueApplied ethics involves examining specific polemical issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative ethics, countersigns in applied et hics try to resolve these controversial issues. The lines of distinction between metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics are often blurry. For example, the issue of abortion is an applied ethical topic since it involves a specific type of controversial behavior.But it also depends on more general normative principles, such as the right of self-rule and the right to life, which are litmus tests for determine the morality of that procedure. The issue also rests on metaethical issues such as, where do rights come from? and what kind of beings have rights? 1. 5Core Ethical Values The following recommended core ethical values were developed based on research by the program founder, Dr. Ron Bucknam, for the development of an applied ethics in professional practice program to assist in evolving solutions to ethical dilemmas encountered in professional practice. Integrity o exercising good judgment in professional practice o adherence to ethical principles ? satinpod ? truthfulne ss ? fairness ? sincerity ? Fidelity ? fealty to clients ? allegiance to the public trust ? loyalty to employer, firm or agency ? loyalty to the profession ? for the theist, faithfulness to God ? Charity 1) kindness 2) caring 3) good will 4) tolerance 5) compassion/mercy ? Responsibility 1. reliability/dependability 2. accountability 3. trustworthiness ? will power ? acting with reasonable restraint ? not indulging in excessive behaviorAll the above ethical values are important to development and maintenance of an ethical business organization as well as an ethical society. 1. 6Development of Ethics The study of business ethics in North America has evolved through five distinct stages ? in the lead 1960 ? The 1960s ? The 1970s ? The 1980s ? The 1990s and continues to evolve in the 21st century. Ethics in Business Before 1960s Ethics in Business Until 1960, ethical issues related to business were often discussed within the domain of theology or philosophy. Catholic collages and universities began to offer courses in social ethics.Protestants also developed ethics courses in their seminars and schools of theology and address issues concerning morality and ethics in business. The protestant work ethics advanced individuals to work hard and attain success in the capitalistic system. such religious traditions provided a foundation for the future field of business ethics. The 1960s The rise of social issues in business The 1960s saw the decay of inner cities and the growth of ecological problems such as pollution and tendency of toxic and nuclear waste. In 1962, President John F.Kennedy delivered special message on protecting the consumer interest, in which he outlined four basic consumer rights the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and to be heard. This came to be known as the consumer bill of rights. The modern consumer movement began in 1960s. At this stage, activities that could destabilize the economy or discriminate any cl ass of citizen began to be viewed as unethical The 1970s Business ethics as an emerging field Business ethics began to develop as an emerging field of study in the 1970s.Business professors began to check and write about corporate social responsibility. Companies became more concerned with their public image. The 1980s Consolidation In the 1980s business academics and practitioners acknowledged business ethics as a field of study. Five hundred courses in business ethics were offered at collages crosswise the country with more than forty thousand students enrolled. Corporations that were once nationally based began operating internationally and found themselves mired in value structures where accepted rules of business behavior no longer applied.The 1990s Institutionalization of business ethics The administration of President Clinton continued to support self regulation and free trade. The federal sentencing guidelines for organizations set the tone for organizational ethical compl iance programs in 1990s. Companies were made to develop corporate values, enforce its code of ethics, and strive to bar misconduct. 1. 7Why Should One Be Ethical? Ethical behavior can be defined as Conducting ones life in complete accord with a firmly held set of values and principles. These principles may be derived from religious beliefs, philosophical arrest, etc.Application should be in all areas of ones life personal, family, business, social, etc. The question asked by some is whether there is a universal ethical standard for everyone. And the answer is, yes Ethics is taught in different cultures using various approaches as seen below. Such approaches are at times used in school for more effectiveness. In Principle, there is a universal ethical standard practiced by Christian principle The Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Luke 629-38 Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. Luke 1027Other religions also have their own golden rule, that they teach their believers, which guides the moral and ethical behavioral standard. For example Islam No one of you is a believer until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself. Hinduism Do nothing to thy neighbor which thou wouldst not have him do to thee. Sikhism Treat others as you would be treated yourself. Buddhism Hurt not others with that which pains thyself. Confucius What you do not ask done to yourself, do not do to others. Aristotle We should behave to our friends as we wish our friends to behave to us. PlatoMay I do to others as I would that they should do unto me. In studying business ethics, we postulate to know the facts about what people actually do value. But we also want to know what people ought to value. Business ethics asks questions about how things should be done, and thus go beyond simply asking questions about ethos. There is already something droll about this question. It is like asking, Why are bachelors unmarried? They are unmarried by definitio n. If they were married, they would not be bachelors. It is the comparable with ethics. To say that one should do something is another way of saying it is ethical.If it is not ethical, then one should not do it. Perhaps when business people ask why they should be ethical, they have a different question in mind what is the motivation for being good? Is their something in it for them? It is perfectly all right to ask if there is a return for being good, but this has nothing to do with whether one should be good. It makes no sense to try convincing people that they should be good by pointing to the final payments that may follow. One should be good because good is, by definition, that which one should be. As for motivation, good behavior often brings a reward, but not every time. figure about it. If it were always in ones interest to be good, there would be no need for ethics. We could simply act selfishly and impart about obligation. People invented ethics precisely because it doe s not always coincide with self interest. Impacts of not inculcating ethics 2. 0ETHICS AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 2. 1Can Ethics Be Taught? Of the Institutions that have contributed to the quality of human life, business ranks with science, art, and education. Business has created the wealth that has given unprecedented numbers of individuals fiscal control of their lives.It has expanded immeasurably the range of goods and serve available to individuals. It has broken smooth countless centuries-old barriers of racial, sexual, religious, and ethnic prejudice. And it has been the vehicle for countless numbers of individuals to develop their fullest potentials in achieving their dreams. In short, business has been a prime means in making it possible for millions to pursue their lives in a wealthy, healthy, rational and exciting world. Yet no other human institution has been so plagued by suspicions of immorality. Business ethics, the old joke goes, Isnt that a contradiction in terms? How moralists evaluate business depends upon their fundamental moral principles. Most moral philosophy has include the assumption that morality and serviceableity are two different things. Older moralists typically argued that the demands of morality conflicted with the requirements of business practicality, and so condemned business. More recent moralists tend to adopt a less extreme version of the dichotomy, holding that determining what is practical and what is moral involves following two distinct lines of thought, although what is moral and what is practical happen to coincide in many in roles. (Stephen Hicks , PhD.Chairman of the philosophy department at Rockford College, Stephen Hicks is the author of a forthcoming book on business ethics. ) Since Objectivism is unique in its rejection of the traditional dichotomy of the moral and the practical, it offers a unique perspective on the full range of business ethics issues. Ayn Rands Atlas Shrugged, The Virtue of Selfishness, and Capitalism The Unknown Ideal detain by far the best presentation of the broader moral context within which to evaluate the various dimensions of business practice. The major issues in business ethics can be classified into four areas ?The relationship between business and consumers ? The relationship between employers and employees ? The nature and value of special forms of business organizationmost notably, that of the corporation ? The nature and value of financial markets The issue of the worthy scope of government regulation cuts across these four categories. Miscellaneous issues such as waste disposal (the environment) and investing in morally dubious foreign nations (such as Communist China or Iraq) are often debated in the business ethics literature, but are primarily issues of political theory and so do not fit into the above business ethics categories.Even granting that business ethics is important, many seem to believe that there is no point in studying the subject. Ethics is something you feel, not something you think. Finance, marketing, operations, and even business law lend themselves to gifted treatment, but ethics does not. The idea that ethics has no intellect content is odd indeed, considering that some of the most famous intellectuals in world history have given it a central place in their thought (Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, etc. ). Ethics is in fact a highly developed field that demands close reasoning.The Western tradition in particular has given rise to sophisticated deontological, teleological and consequentialist theories of right and wrong. No one theory explains everything satis cipherily, but the same is true, after all, in the natural sciences. Even when they grant that ethics has intellectual content, people often say that studying the field will not lurch behavior. Character is formed in primal childhood, not during a professors lecture. If the suggestion here is that college-level study do es not change behavior, we should shut down the entire business school, not only the ethics course.Presumably the claim, then, is that studying finance and marketing can influence ones conduct, but studying ethics cannot. This is again a curious view, since ethics is the one field that deals explicitly with conduct. Where is the evidence for this view? The early origins of character do not prevent finance and marketing courses from influencing behavior. Why cannot ethics courses also have an effect? Ethics courses have a number of features that seem likely to influence behavior ? Ethical courses provide a language and conceptual framework with which one can talk and think about ethical issues.Their emphasis on case studies helps to make one aware of the potential consequences of ones actions. ? They present ethical that theories help define what a valid ethical argument looks like. ? They teach one to make distinctions and avoid fallacies that are so common when people make decision s. ? They give one an opportunity to think through, at ones leisure, complex ethical issues that are likely to arise later, when there is no time to think. ? They introduce one to such specialized areas as product liability, employment, intellectual property, environmental protection, and cross-cultural management. They give one practice at articulating an ethical position, which can help resist pressure to compromise. None of this convinces one to be good, but it is useful to those who want to be good. It may also improve business conduct in general. ? They enable an individual strike the unethical business conducts that occurs in the business world to-date, for example o Account Fraud o Insider Trading (of stock and Bonds) o Falsifying Documents o Deceptive Advertising o Defective Products o Bribery o Employee Theft ? They train the society and future generations to be ethical thereby raising the ethical standards in the business world. An individuals personal values and moral ph ilosophy are only one factor in the ethical decision-making process. The courses enable an individual to commemorate the individuals everyday ethical issues from business ones. ? They enable one to deal with individuals personal moral dilemmas as these issues affect everyones ability to function on the job. How many of the recent business poops would have occurred if subordinates had possessed the skills, vocabulary and conceptual equipment to raise an ethical issue with their coworkers? Ethics not only should be studied alongside management, but the two fields are closely related.Business management is all about making the right decisions. Ethics is all about making the right decisions. So what is the difference between the two? Management is concerned with how decisions affect the union, sequence ethics is concerned about how decisions affect everything. Management operates in the specialized context of the firm, speckle ethics operates in the general context of the world. M anagement is therefore part of ethics. A business manager cannot make the right decisions without understanding management in particular as well as ethics in general. Business ethics is management carried out in the real world. This is why usiness majors should study ethics for future benefit in the business world. 3. 0IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN origin AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 3. 1Benefits of Ethics in Business Business ethics started developing as an academic discipline in the 1970s. At this time, theologians and philosophers had laid down the ground work suggesting that genuine principles could be applied to the corporate activities. Using this foundation, business professors started to teach and write about corporate social responsibility which is an organizations obligation to maximize its positive impact to stake holders and to minimize its negative impact.A Marketplace Advantage When most managers and employees study ethics in learning institutions as an academic discipline, i t enables them gain intelligence of business ethics, that later attracts more customers and investors who will have more trust for the corporate practices and values as primary considerations in their decision-making to either, if customers, procure the organizations product or, if investors, decide to invest in the organization.Superior Employee Performance With the company employees and management application of their academic gained business ethics practices, the companies with safe business ethics and established values report improved employee morale, reduced employee turnover and increased productivity. As a result, the organization is able to work towards achieving its objectives collectable to enhanced violate performance of the employees. Reputation ManagementWorkers in the organization can use their academically gained ethical lessons since if an organization is damaged by scandal or unethical behavior, a companys reputation may never recover resulting in lost revenu e, low employee morale, and increased governmental and public scrutiny. Emphasizing responsible business conduct is the surest means of preserving a companys intangible assets. Powerful legal and Financial IncentivesAnother importance for the organization to follow business ethics is that the international regulatory developments shall provide strong legal and financial incentives to corporations that establish standards of conduct and provide ethics education and training to employees promoting business ethics as an academic discipline and ethical conducts of individuals in the organization. Enhanced Consumer ad employee loyalty Consumer and employee commitment comes from their belief that their future is attached to the organization and thus are willing to make sacrifices for the organization.Study of ethics as an academic discipline is able to highlight to the consumer and employees the importance to be loyal to one organization the benefits are reduced prices to the consumers an d ability to the seller to understand the customer needs, it also promotes more trust to the employees who are also able to share during the company success periods. Increased Organization Profits Another importance of business ethics as an academic discipline is that the company can improve its pay base. A company cannot nurture and develop an ethical climate unless it has achieved adequate financial profits.Businesses with greater resources have means to practice social responsibility while serving their customers, valuing their employees, and establishing trust with the public. Many studies have found relationships between corporate social responsibility and business performance. Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction is another important value business receives from better ethical operations of the organization that serves its customers and customer satisfaction is one of the most important in an effective business strategy.This can be achieved one way if the business oper ates ethically by considering the customer expectations and needs as well as avoiding exploitation of the customers. Investors loyalty Investors today are extremely concerned with the organizations ethics, social responsibility, and reputations of the companies in which they invest in. investors also do recognize that the ethical climate provides a foundation of efficiency, productivity and profitability. Many companies such as Global crossing, Adelphia, Freddie Mac lost their investors due to unethical standards in their operations. Differentiating between personal and business ethicsMany people believe that individuals ethics can be applied in the business setting, that is, wrong study of business ethics as an academic discipline helps to give a difference between the personal ethics and business ethics that can be applied in solving the organizations ethical dilemmas. Identification of ethical issues Study of ethics as an academic discipline also helps in enlightening individuals on ways to identify and deal with business ethics issues. It also enables both organizations and individuals to learn about ethical decision making and ways to promote ethical standards in the organization.By studying business ethics one begins to understand how to cope with conflicts. Promotion of organization responsibility Study of ethics as an academic discipline also helps to ensure the organization takes its responsibility in the society and help solve the company stake holders problems. 3. 2Societal Costs of Unethical demeanour 1. rightfulness enforcement and other security personnel 2. Physical protection (locks, electronic security, fences, vaults, etc. ) 3. A substantial portion of attorney and court system costs 4. several(prenominal) welfare costs 5. Costs of collecting taxes 6. Wasted/misused investment funds . A substantial portion of accounting/auditing costs 8. A bighearted fraction of costs for regulators and examiners 9. Some marketing/advertising costs 10. C osts for institutions like better business bureaus, consumer protection agencies 11. Some costs of bankruptcy 12. escape of investment from outside investors, tourists 3. 3Business Costs of Unethical Behavior 1. breathing out of physical assets 2. Increased costs of security 3. Loss of customers especially those who value ethics 4. Loss of employees especially the more ethical 5. Loss of reputation 6. Increased legal costs 7. Higher costs of debt 8.Loss of investor confidence (lower stock price, difficulty in raising funds, problems with lenders) 9. Regulatory intrusion 10. Costs of bankruptcy 3. 4How Does Ethical Behavior Add Value? pause information a. Trust from investors b. Lower costs for audits, controls, investigations c. Better allocation of resources d. Customers will be more loyal e. Lower costs from suppliers f. Attracting and retaining better employees Fair competition g. Lowers cost of business in economy h. Leads to better decision-making (do whats best for firm, not one individual) i. Improves competitive nature of a countrys economyJust compensation j. Creates a more vibrant, entrepreneurial economy k. Attracts and retains better employees Rights of others l. Draws upon talents of wider set of individuals m. Develops long-term respect from the community n. Maintains the environment for long-term value to all 3. 5How Can Ethical Values be Taught? train 1 The Foundation Personal Ethical Understanding ? Concepts of right and wrong, fair play, respect for rights of others, honesty, personal integrity ? Best learned in the home at an early age and follow-up is needed throughout life ? Institutions (churches, schools, etc. can help ? Difficult to back fill in adulthood train 2 Application to Business Application of Ethics to Business Situations ? Can be taught in management education and organizations provided students have a personal understanding of ethics ? Taught by modeling (cases and personal example are helpful) ? Can be reinforced by policies, codes of ethics, training ? Businesses can teach through proper modeling Companies also have to further strengthen ethics management and social responsibility activities to improve their public image Korean Commerce-Industry-Energy Minister lee side Hee-beom.Level 3 Ethical Courage ? It is not sufficient to simply understand ethical principles ? One must have the courage to pay a price for being ethical ? Examples can be helpfulcase studies showing people willing to stand up for ethical principles ? Again, it helps to have practiced ethical behavior over many yearsespecially in small things Level 4 Ethical Leadership ? The ability and willingness to encourage others to behave ethically ? Can be taught through cases, problem solving, study of successful organizations ?Developing an organizational climate that fosters ethical behavior ? Structuring policies that encourages ethics ? Behaving ethically while facing the pressures of leadership 3. 6Challenges of Teaching Et hics & Ethical Dilemma As the twenty-first century approaches, companies face a variety of changes and gainsays that will have a profound impact on organizational dynamics and performance. In many ways, these changes will decide who will survive and prosper into the next century and who will not. Among these challenges are the following ? The challenge of international competition. The challenge of new technologies. ? The challenge of increased quality. ? The challenge of employee motivation and commitment. ? The challenge of managing a diverse workforce. ? The challenge of ethical behavior. 3. 7Ethics and The Challenge Of Ethical Behavior The word ethics is often in the news these days. Ethics is a philosophical term derived from the Greek word ethos meaning character or custom. This definition is germane to effective leadership in organizations in that it connotes an organization code conveying moral integrity and consistent values in service to the public. accredited organizatio ns will commit themselves to a philosophy in a formal pronouncement of a Code of Ethics or Standards of Conduct. Having done so, the recorded idealism is distributed or shelved, and all too often that is that. Other organizations, however, will be concerned with aspects of ethics of greater specificity, usefulness, and consistency. Formally defined, ethical behavior is that which is morally accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong in a particular setting. Is it ethical, for example, to pay a bribe to obtain a business contract in a foreign country?Is it ethical to allow your company to withhold information that might discourage a job candidate from joining your organization? Is it ethical to ask someone to take a job you know will not be good for their career progress? Is it ethical to do personal business on company time? The list of examples could go on and on. Despite ones initial inclinations in response to these questions, the major point of it all is to remind org anizations that the public-at-large is demanding that government officials, managers, workers in general, and the organizations they represent all act according to high ethical and moral tandards. The future will bring a renewed concern with maintaining high standards of ethical behavior in organizational transactions and in the workplace. Many executives, administrators, and social scientists see unethical behavior as a cancer working on the fabric of society in too many of todays organizations and beyond. Many are concerned that we face a crisis of ethics in the West that is undermining our competitive strength. This crisis involves business-people, government officials, customers, and employees. Especially worrisome is unethical behavior among employees at all levels of the organization.For example, a recent study found that employees accounted for a higher percentage of retail thefts than did customers (Silverstein, 1989). The study estimated that one in every fifteen employees steals from his or her employer. In addition, we hear about flagitious and unethical behavior on Wall Street, pension scandals in which disreputable executives gamble on risky business ventures with employees retreat funds, companies that expose their workers to hazardous working conditions, and blatant favoritism in hiring and promotion practices.Although such practices occur throughout the world, their presence nonetheless serves to remind us of the challenge facing organizations. This challenge is especially difficult because standards for what constitutes ethical behavior lie in a colourise zone where clear-cut right-versus wrong answers may not always exist. As a result, sometimes unethical behavior is forced on organizations by the environment in which it exists and laws such as the Foreign degeneration Practices Act. For example, if you were a sales representative for an American company abroad and your foreign competitors used bribes to get business, what would you do?In the United States such behavior is illegal, nevertheless it is perfectly acceptable in other countries. What is ethical here? Similarly, in many countries women are systematically discriminated against in the workplace it is felt that their place is in the home. In the United States, again, this practice is illegal. If you ran an American company in one of these countries, would you hire women in important positions? If you did, your company might be isolated in the larger business community, and you might lose business.If you did not, you might be violating what most Americans believe to be fair business practices. The effective management of ethical issues requires that organizations ensure that their managers and employees know how to deal with ethical issues in their everyday work lives. Therefore, organizational members must first understand some of the underlying reasons for the occurrence of unethical practices. 3. 8Unethical Behavior Why Does It Occur In Organizations? The potential for individuals and organizations to behave unethically is limitless.Unfortunately, this potential is too frequently realized. Consider, for example, how greed overtook concerns about human welfare when the Manville Corporation contain evidence that asbestos inhalation was killing its employees, or when Ford failed to correct a known defect that made its Pinto vulnerable to gas tank explosions following low speed rear-end collisions (Bucholz, I 989). One answer to the question of why individuals knowingly commit unethical actions is based on the idea that organizations often reward behaviors that violate ethical standards.Consider, for example, how many business executives are expected to deal in bribes and payoffs, despite the negative publicity and ambiguity of some laws, and how good corporate citizens who blow the whistle on organizational wrongdoing may fear being punished for their actions. Jansen and Von Glinow (1985) explain that organizations tend to develop coun ternorms, accepted organizational practices that are contrary to prevailing ethical standards. It is not too difficult to recognize how individuals can knowingly engage in unethical practices with such mentalities.The overemphasis on short monetary gain and getting votes in the next election may lead to decisions and rationalizations that not only hurt individuals in the long run, but scupper the very existence of organizations themselves. Some common rationalizations used to justify unethical behavior are easily derived from Gellerman (1986) ? Pretending the behavior is not really unethical or illegal. ? Excusing the behavior by saying its really in the organizations or your best interest. ? Assuming the behavior is okay because no one else would ever be expected to find out about it. Expecting your superiors to support and protect you if anything should go wrong. Rules, procedures, and other control mechanisms often lag behind growth of a firm, providing organizational members w ith an opportunity to behave illegally because no internal rules prescribe such behavior. Predisposition indicates a tendency or inclination to select certain activitiesillegal onesover activities because of socialization or other organizational processes. Baucus and Near (1991) avoid the assumption that a firms managers or agents subscribe to a different set of ethical standards than the rest of society.Instead, they recognize that organizations, and industries, can exert a powerful influence on their members, even those who initially have fairly strong ethical standards. Certain perseverance cultures may predispose organizations to develop cultures that encourage their members to select unethical acts. If an organizations major competitors in an industry are performing well, in part as a result of unethical activities, it becomes difficult for organizational members to choose only unethical actions, and they may regard unethical actions as a standard of industry practice.Such a s cenario results in an organizational culture that serves as a strong precipitant to unethical actions. The next section looks at the organizational culture-ethical behavior relationship. The ethical climate of an organization is the shared set of understandings about what correct behavior is and how ethical issues will be handled. This climate sets the tone for decision making at all levels and in all circumstances. Some of the factors that may be emphasized in different ethical climates of organizations are (Hunt, 1991 Schneider and Rentsch, 1991) ?Personal self-interest ? friendship profit ? Operating efficiency ? Individual friendships ? Team interests ? Social responsibility ? Personal morality ? Rules and standard procedures ? Laws and professional codes Pressure, opportunity, and predisposition can all lead to unethical activities however, organizations must still take a proactive stance to promote an ethical climate. The final section provides some useful suggestions availab le to organizations for creating a more ethical climate. 3. 9Promoting an Ethical Climate Some Suggestions and StrategiesRecent literature has suggested several strategies for promoting ethical behavior in organizations. (Adler and Bird, 1988 Burns, 1987 Harrington, 1991 Raelin, 1987 Stead etal. , 1990). 1. First, chief executives should encourage ethical consciousness in their organizations from the top down showing the support and care about ethical practices. 2. Second, formal processes should be used to support and reinforce ethical behavior. For example, internal regulation may involve the use of codes of corporate ethics, and the availability of appeals processes. 3.Finally, it is recommended that the philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors focus on the institutionalization of ethical norms and practices that are incorporated into all organizational levels. The philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors represent a critical organization al factor influencing the ethical behavior of employees (Stead etal. , 1990). A seven-step checklist that organizations should use to help their employees in dealing with an ethical dilemma (Schermerhorn, 1989 Otten, 1986) 1. Recognize and clarify the dilemma. 2. Get all the possible facts. . List all your options. 4. Test each option by asking Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial? 5. Make your decision. 6. Double check your decision by asking How would I feel if my family found out about this? How would I feel if my decision was printed in the local newspaper? 7. Take action. An effective organizational culture should encourage ethical behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Admittedly, ethical behavior may cost the organization. An example might be the loss of sales when a international firm refuses to pay a bribe to secure business in a particular country.Certainly, individuals might be reinforced for behaving unethically (particularly if they do not get caught). In a similar fashion, an organization might seem to gain from unethical actions. For example, a purchasing agent for a large corporation might be bribed to purchase all needed office supplies from a particular supplier. However, such gains are often short-term rather than long-term in nature. In the long run, an organization cannot operate if its prevailing culture and values are not congruent with those of society.This is just as true as the notice that, in the long run, an organization cannot survive unless it produces goods and services that society wants and needs. Thus an organizational culture that promotes ethical behavior is not only more compatible with prevailing cultural values, but, in fact, makes good sense. Although much remains to be learned about why ethical behavior occurs in organizations and creating and maintaining organizational cultures that encourage ethical behavior, organizations can benefit from the following suggestions ? Be realistic in setting values and g oals regarding employment relationships.Do not promise what the organization cannot deliver. ? march on input throughout the organization regarding appropriate values and practices for implementing the cultures. Choose values that represent the views of employees at all levels of the organization. ? Do not automatically opt for a strong culture. Explore methods to provide for diversity and dissent, such as grievance or complaint mechanisms or other internal review procedures. ? Insure that a whistle-blowing and/or ethical concerns procedure is established for internal problem-solving (Harrington, 1991). Provide ethics training programs for all employees. These programs should explain the underlying ethical and legal (Drake and Drake, 1988) principles and present practical aspects of carrying our procedural guidelines. Understand that not all ethical situations are clear-cut. Like many basic business situations, the organization should recognize that there are ambiguous, grey areas where ethical tradeoffs may be necessary. More importantly, some situations have no simple solution (Cooke, 1991). ? Integrate ethical decision-making into the performance appraisal process. . 0THE CASE AGAINST BUSINESS ETHICS EDUCATION 4. 1The Milton Friedman Argument According to Milton Friedmans philosophy it states that the ethical duty of business people is to maximize profit. He also says in his philosophy that businesses should be concerned with stakeholders wealth maximization which requires competency in their business. This means that they (business people) should study marketing, finance, and operations and should not waste time studying ethics. Freidman advances two main arguments for his position.First that corporate executives and directors are not qualified to do anything other than maximize profit. Business people are experts at making money, not making social policy, and it is by making money, that they contribute to human welfare. They lack the perspective and trai ning to address complex social problems, which should be left to government and social service agencies The second argument which is rooted in Friedmans libertarian philosophy maintains that corporate officers have no right to do anything other than maximize profit. Corporate officers have no right to spend investors money on social welfare.Sole proprietors can spend the companys money the way they want, since it is their money, but fiduciaries and hired managers have no such privileges. If they want to contribute to social causes, they are free to donate as much of their own money as they please. In the first argument, determining just how far they should go in order to meet this goal is what business ethics is all about. Business ethics rather than social ethics in general is the required competency. Students concede to this in that once business ethics is distinguished from ethics in general simply collapses into the duty of maximizing profit under the law.There are no specifical ly business related obligations than this and no training beyond business law and the traditional managerial skills is required. 4. 2The Argument from Incentives This argument begins with the familiar hypothesis that economic phenomena are best explained as resulting from the choices of utility maximizing, self interested individuals. Moral sentiments therefore play no significant role in economic life. Even if there are duties beyond profit maximization, the only way to encourage ethical behavior is to install financial and legal incentives.Business People respond to these not ethics lectures. If business people behave ethically, it is only because financial inducements and legal sanctions are properly calibrated, not because Kant or Aristotle inspired them to do the right thing. For example in the U. S. business scandals can only be addressed by such measures as regulatory reform, improved corporate governance, and removal of conflict of interest. Ethics instructions have no place in this picture. 4. 3The intestine Feeling Argument One cannot study ethics in a meaningful sense anyway, since it is something ou feel, not something you think about. Ethical judgment is seen as an basically non-rational function that is tied to emotions and early childhood development. 4. 4The Moral Development Argument. Moral character is formed in early childhood, not while sitting in ethics class. By the time students enter business school, it is too late to change. One learns ethics from mom and dad, not from college professors. Moral character is fixed early in life. This does not imply that ethics instruction serves no useful purpose, since it can change behavior even if it doesnt change character.The opponents of ethics education presumably concedes that finance, marketing and operations courses change behavior, but insist that ethics courses do not. Where is the evidence showing the ethics which directly deals with how one should behave, incapable of ever-changing behav ior? There are a number of reasons to suspect that ethics instructions can affect conduct without going as far as to change character. They are ? It provides a language and conceptual framework with which one can talk and think about ethical issues. Its emphasis on case studies helps to make one aware of the potential consequences of ones actions. It presents ethical theories that help define what a valid ethical argument looks like. It teaches one to make distinctions and avoid fallacies that are so common when people make decisions. ? It gives one an opportunity to think through, at ones leisure, complex ethical issues that are likely to arise later, when there is no time to think. 4. 5The motivational argument This final argument takes us into ethics the first class on the first day of the semester. Even if there is reason to study ethics, business students see no motivation to study it and do not take the subject seriously.Many students object to ethics class with such animus as it is different from others as they say. The finance or marketing instructor enlightens them, but the ethics instructor preaches to them and some students do not want to be preached to, and so react negatively. Accordingly, it is seen that students say that their finance instructors do not try to convince them to make money as the lecturers know the students want to make money and so they tell them how to make the money as opposed to the ethics lecturers who assume that students want to be ethical and so tell them how to.Some instructors have devised a number of strategies to overcome this issue. They convince students that ethical conduct is smart business, because they can do well by doing good. They integrate discussion of ethical issues into courses students regard as legitimate, such as finance and marketing. They bring in seasoned executives to talk about how ethics is a constant factor in their decision making. 5. 0CONCLUSION In conclusion, study of business ethics as an aca demic discipline is important to ensure that the managers are equipped with the tools and knowledge to undertake the ethical judgment about the organization business operations.This study also enables the organization to work towards achieving its objectives it sets to achieve since the stakeholders who contribute to the organizations success will have more trust in the company to manage their interests in that organization. Even though ethical problems in organizations continue to greatly concern society, organizations, and individuals, the potential impact that organizational culture can have on ethical behavior has not really been explored (Hellreigel et al. , 1989). The challenge of ethical behavior must be met by organizations if they are truly concerned about survival and competitiveness.What is needed in todays complicated times is for more organizations to step forward and operate with strong, positive, and ethical cultures. Organizations have to ensure that their employees know how to deal with ethical issues in their everyday work lives. As a result, when the ethical climate is clear and positive, everyone will know what is expected of them when inevitable ethical dilemmas occur. This can give employees the confidence to be on the lookout for unethical behavior and act with the understanding that what they are doing is considered correct and will be supported by top management and the entire organization.REFERENCES 1. FERRELL, O. C. , FRAEDIRICH, J. & FERRELL, L. (2005). Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Houghton Mifflin Company, U. S. A. 2. Hooker, J. (April 2003). Why Business Ethics? Carnegie Mellon University. 3. http//wpweb2. tepper. cmu. edu/ethics/whybizethics. pdf 4. http//construct. haifa. ac. il/danielp/soc/sims. htm 5. http//changingminds. org/explanations/values/values_morals_ethics. htm 6. Friedman, M (1970), The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits, New York Times Magazine (September 13). 7. http //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Meta-ethics