An Argument For Exempting the Severely Mentally Ill from...

Mental illness affects one in four adults every year (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | Mental Illnesses). Mental illness effects thousands who may not even be aware of it. Many who are aware do not receive treatment until something bad happens in result of not receiving treatment. These illnesses affect all aspects of the person’s life. They often do things without the knowledge of what they are doing. Many people who do have these illness commit crimes without the knowledge of the fact that they are doing wrong. People often do not believe that having a mental illness gives people the right to commit a crime, and it doesn’t. It merely suggests that the person who committed said crime was not aware of their actions therefore†¦show more content†¦Around 77.3% percent of people treated for mental illness had effective results (Kobau and Zack). Minor cases of mental illness tend to recover much more rapidly. Cases of serve mental illness still recover i t just takes a long amount of time and more extensive therapy. Whenever going through these treatments the person needs a good support foundation from their family and friends in order to encourage them know that things will get better if they get treatment. Many people plead insanity in criminal trials because they refuse to take responsibility for their actions. This leaves the people who do have mental illnesses in a â€Å"boy who cried wolf† situation. The people who do suffer mental illnesses end up suffering even more because of their actions instead of getting the treatments they need in order to become normal members of society. All defendants who plead insanity must take a reality test to check whether they are aware of the separation between reality and their imagination. If they pass then they will be deemed mental sane and still must stand trial (Valkin). Kendra Webdale was a victim to a mentally ill episode, when one morning she was pushed in front a subway by An drew Goldstein, a known schizophrenic. The family first believed that it was a mugging gone wrong but then learned of Goldstein’s illness. Her mother Pat was interviewedShow MoreRelatedAbolition Of The Death Penalty1826 Words   |  8 PagesAbolition of the Death Penalty Capital Punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, first dates back to the English Colonies in the 1600s. The people of this time adopted this tradition to punish people who had committed crimes of murder, treason, theft, robbery, rape, or other horrible offenses. In 1776, people already began to see the inefficiency of the death penalty. Benjamin Rush, a physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, stated that â€Å"the punishment of murder by death is contrary

Comparative Essay David Hume vs. John Locke - 1050 Words

Comparing John Locke against David Hume : Empiricism John Locke and David Hume, both great empiricist philosophers who radically changed the way people view ideas and how they come about. Although similar in their beliefs, the two have some quite key differences in the way they view empiricism. Locke believed in causality, and used the example of the mental observation of thinking to raise your arm, and then your arm raising, whereas Hume believed that causality is not something that can be known, as a direct experience of cause, cannot be sensed. Locke believed that all knowledge is derived from our senses, which produce impressions on the mind which turn to ideas, whereas Humes believed that all knowledge is derived from experiences,†¦show more content†¦Hume rejected lockes theory of experiencing cause. He argued that you do not feel the connection between your mind and arm, and thus dont sense the cause of the muscles contracting to raise your arm. Cause, in Humes mind, is a synthetic experience used to explain the unobser vable things in reality. To help explain he used the billiard ball experiement. Ball A is hit and put into motion towards ball B.When ball A collides with ball B the cause of ball Bs movement is not experienced, there is no observable connection between the two. This would mean that there is no way to be certain that everytime Ball A collides with ball B that ball B will move, ball A could just as likely bounce off and begin rolling in a random direction. He believd that there is no way of knowing for certain the outcome of an event without being able to perceive the cause. John Lockes theory of knowledge stated that all knowledge is derived from the senses, that are converted into impressions, that are then made into ideas, either simple or complex. Simple ideas are ones that involve only one sense, whereas complex ideas consist of multiple simple ideas being combined to create a vivid one. Ideas have two qualities, primary qualities, and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are things that are perceived the same for everyone, and secondary qualities are the individual perceptions ofShow MoreRelatedCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesHistory and Class Consciousness Preface THE collection and publication of these essays in book form is not intended to give them a greater importance as a whole than would be due to each individually. For the most part they are attempts, arising out of actual work for the party, to clarify the theoretical problems of the revolutionary movement in the mind ,of the author and his readers. The exceptions to this are the two essays Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat and Towards a MethodologyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages(Prentice Hall, 2012) Management, 11th ed. with Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2012) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 10th ed., with David DeCenzo (Wiley, 2010) Prentice Hall’s Self-Assessment Library 3.4 (Prentice Hall, 2010) Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed., with David DeCenzo and Mary Coulter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Supervision Today! 7th ed., with David DeCen zo and Robert Wolter (Prentice Hall, 2013) Training in Interpersonal Skills: TIPS for Managing People at Work, 6th ed., with Phillip

Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in NSW Free Essays

‘Evaluate the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in NSW’ The NSW criminal justice system relates to all areas associated with the law and law enforcement, including those who are incarcerated, on probation, or suspected of committing a criminal offence. In evaluating the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in NSW there are three issues which can be considered; alternatives to gaol, charge negotiation and the role of the courts. We will write a custom essay sample on Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in NSW or any similar topic only for you Order Now These issues promote or demote the effectiveness of the NSW criminal justice system, especially when evaluated in terms of equality, accessibility, resource efficiency, and the balance of rights for victims, offenders and society. These issues are also discussed widely in the media, which presents a different perspective for many of these issues, and provides the necessary pressure required to initiate law reform on these issues. One of the most important issues in the NSW criminal justice system is the availability of alternatives in punishment, aside from incarceration. Apart from criminal infringement notices, there are many more serious alternatives to a prison sentence, including home detention. Home detention, created under the Home Detention Act 1996 (NSW), is applicable for certain offenders, who have committed non-violent crimes and have been sentenced to less than 18 months imprisonment. Home detention is likely to be controversial for more serious offences such as murder or sexual assault, as there is possible high risk of reoffending. Community service orders are also available as a means of shaming and punishing offenders, while facilitating rehabilitation by requiring a period of amending their wrongs towards the community. Diversionary programs are used to divert certain offenders from reoffending, through rehabilitation. Over 150 offenders a year complete The Drug Courts diversionary program. According to the NSW Crime Bureau analysis of the effectiveness of the Drug court, they found that; 37% of criminals were less likely to be reconvicted for any offence, 65% were less likely to be reconvicted for offences against the person and 57% were less likely to be reconvicted for a drug offence. The use of these alternatives are effective in terms of the aforementioned criteria as it provides a sense of equality between different members of society tried for the same crimes, as they each have the capacity to be given the same diversionary program, as long as they satisfy the necessary criteria. The diversionary programs are very resource efficient as they typically cost less per day than the $205 necessary for the average prison inmate. It also provides a balance of rights for the victims and the offenders, as well as society as they are all benefiting from these programs. Charge negotiation, including plea bargaining, is where charges are either dropped, or reduced in return for an early guilty plea, as set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999. There are many issues associated with charge negotiation, as shown through ‘True Plea on Justice’, a Daily Telegraph article published on October 11th 2010, which details the plight of victims of crime, who are not told of the charge negotiation taking place, until they attend the trial. Under new guidelines from the state government, prosecutors must now complete a certificate detailing the consultation with victims and their families. This reform of current guidelines shows the inadequacies when regarding the balance of rights for victims, although this issues is being rectified. Charge negotiation is also effective when assessed for resource efficiency, as the cost of a sometimes lengthy trial is avoided. The role of the courts is imperative to having an effective legal system. The role of the courts is to ensure a fair trial ensues. Equality within the court system is a major concept, and is exemplified through the necessary impartiality of magistrates, judges and juries. Once again to ensure equity judges and magistrates are bound to follow precedent, or follow sentencing guidelines according to the Criminal Procedure Amendment (Sentencing Guidelines) Act 1998. Many of the crimes prosecuted are outlined in the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), which is accessible to all members of the public, under the rule of law. The courts attempt to use resources efficiently by using juries in all matters bar summary offences, and by requiring ‘leave to seek appeal’ when appealing to the Supreme Court to ensure that court resources are not tied up in unsubstantiated appeals. The courts also provide a balance for victims, offenders and society, by providing necessary sentences the magistrate or judge feels is necessary to reflect the standards of society, ensure a fair outcome for victims and also to not be excessive to offenders. The criminal justice system in NSW is effective in the sense that it provides an equal, accessible and resource efficient system in which justice is achieved. It also provides an impartial field for offenders to be tried, and as such come to outcomes that benefit the victim and society as a whole. There have been recent developments to ensure this balance remains, as is the case of victims regarding charge negotiation, showing the development and thus effectiveness of the criminal justice system in reflecting societies beliefs and values. How to cite Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in NSW, Essay examples

Visible Light Communication

Question: Describe about the Visible Light Communication? Answer: Introduction Visible Light Communication (VLC) falls in the category of the highly developed technology of the optical wireless communication division, in this visible region (0.375um-0.780um) light is utilized as a data transmission medium with enhanced security and higher data rates features in comparison to the predictable technologies similar to Wi -Fi, Wi-max etc., which accomplish the communication by the radio waves. While making use of wireless internet the system bandwidth got bothered at the lower data rate or slow speeds frequently in the case of multiple devices using the same network. To conquer the lack of bandwidth we can make use of light for data transfer and the process is called as ILLUMINATION DATA . The thought at the back is that, infra-red remote is somewhat customized i.e., LED light bulb that bring intensity contrasts which cannot be tracked by normal human perception. It is probable to encode the data in the light by modulating or altering the light to make the LEDs flic ker and make it on and off to provide the binary strings of 1s and 0s.At the same time as using combinations of green, blue and red LEDs to change the frequency of light encoding a dissimilar data channel. System Components It utilizes fast changing light pulses to send out the information wirelessly. The major parts of this system of communication are A high intensity white LED, that is the source of communication A photodiode is made up silicon having high-quality visible wavelength response region which is acting like the receiving element. Amit rawat Switching the LED in the on and off mode is done to produce binary 1s and 0s strings. Encoding of data can be performed in the light to produce a novel stream of data by changing the LED flickering rate. To be precise, through the process is about modulation of the data signal using the LED light, the illumination of the LED light can be utilized like a source of communication. Due to the fast flickering rate, the output at the LED end comes into view like a constant light to the naked eye. Using suitable techniques for multiplexing it is possible to have data rate more than 100 Mbps. In case of parallel data communication the VLC data rate can be augmented. In this each LED transmits a dissimilar data stream and combined forms an array. LED Model Fig. 1 demonstrates the standard demonstrator block diagram. The link contains of two DSP boards first one is transmitter (Tx) and second is the receiver (Rx). In exacting, the evaluation board of TMS320C6000 DSP using Texas Instruments C6713 based on floating-point processor that is structured of VLIW very long instruction word architecture is utilized. Speed of processor is 250MHz. The evaluation boards has 32-bit stereo analogue output and input port with a utmost sampling frequency 96kHz. Fig.1 Visible light data transmission prototype For the function of exhibition, data source of digital image is utilized. The produced D/A (digital/analogue) changed modulation signal from the correspondent DSP is feeder to the circuit of optical transmitter which constrains the white LED. At the end of receiver, a circuit containing a photodiode is utilized to change the signal of optical range to the signal of electrical domain. The converted signal is then conceded through an ADC converter trailed by elimination of cyclic prefix and process of demodulation. These processes are headed by a frame synchronization routine Fig.2 VLC test-bed system using an array of 16 resonated white LEDs. Concept Illustration The VLC transmitter has components like a power supply, an amplifier, a bias-T. The receiver includes a PIN type diode as a photo-detector or APD or Avalanche Photo Diode. LED acting as a source of light from the transmitter side produces visible light radiation and then absorbed by the receiver all the way through free space spread. The signal source and a terminal analyzer component is made up of two-port network analyzer, giving output in form of a small sine wave and calculating the received amplitude too. The LED modulation bandwidth is limited with the frequency of response. Though, the lifetime of the minority carriers in semiconductors have an effect on this reaction frequency. Consequently, there exists a limit on the LEDs theoretical bandwidth upto 2 GHz. at present; the practical LED bandwidth is much lower than this limit of theoretical value. Therefore, the resulting LEDs lower modulation bandwidth influences its function in the communication with the high-speed bandwidth. Results and Discussion For analysis consider the three different LEDs which are further separated into three categories, which were calculated using same intensity of light, and after that the only variable is the current density. Consequently, the consequences can straightly replicate the association of the 3 dB LED bandwidth and current density. In below Figure 3, the Y coordinates gives amplitude, tells that the proportion of power at output and power at input and it reproduces the LEDs 3 dB bandwidth. Since noise is present in the background the curvature in Figure 3 shows big fluctuations. Although, these curves with non-smooth nature does not moving the in general experimental results trends. As given in figure 3 that the LED As 3 dB bandwidth was 10.5MHz if the biasing current is 20 mA and the significance quickly increased to value of 44MHz for the biasing current of 100mA. In adding, the other LEDs B and C also established this regulation and the consequences were revealed in Figures 3(b) and (c), correspondingly. Consequently, the calculated 3dB bandwidth of three dissimilar sizes LEDs were all enhanced considerably with the amplified current density. This occurrence can be established with the probability of bimolecular recombination, that was relative to the carrier density of injected into the dynamic volume. Fig. 3 The normalized frequency response of (a) LED A, (b) LED B and (c) LED C measured under different bias currents Summary and Conclusions In this report, a dimension association of modulation individuality for VLC systems is explained and the dissimilar-sized blue LEDs with different bandwidths have been accounted. The results obviously discloses alike linear association between 3dB bandwidth and its LED current density. This occurrence can be credited to the bimolecular recombination likelihood that is relative to the density of injected carrier into the dynamic volume. Consequently, growing the LED current density is a possible method in VLC systems to improve the rate of data transmission. Furthermore, this experiment demonstrates that series resistance of high value is one main concern that puts restriction on modulation speed of LED. Therefore, additional study will spotlight on optimizing layout of device in addition to dropping material bulk resistance to decrease the resistance. References 1. H.L. Minh, D. OBrien, G. Faulkner, L. Zeng, K. Lee, D. Jung, Y. J. Oh and E. T. Won, 100-Mb/s NRZ Visible Light Communications Using a Postequalized White LED inIEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 21, No.15, August 2009. 2. F. L. Jenq, T. J. Liu and F.Y. Leu, An AC LED Smart Lighting System with Visible Light Time-Division Multiplexing Free Space Optical Communication, 2011 Fifth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing.3. Z. W, J. Chau and T. Little, Modeling and Designing of a New Indoor Free Space Visible Light Communication System, Networks and Optical Communications (NOC) in16th European Conference,July 2011, pp. 72-75. 4. J. Cao, Z. Liang and Z.Ma, White LED Modulation Bandwidth and Modulation Characteristics of the Study Hans Journal of Wireless Communications, 2012. 5. J. VuÄ iĆ¡, C. Kottke, S. Nerreter, K.-D. Langer and W. Waleski, 513 Mbit/s Visible Light Communication Link Based on DMT-Modulation of a White LED, Journal of Light Technology, Vol. 28, No. 24, 2010.6. J. VuÄ iĆ¡, C. Kottke, K. Habel and K.-D. Langer, 803 Mbit/s Visible Light WDM Link based on DMT Modulation of a single RGB LED Luminary, Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2011 and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, Conference Publications, March 2011, pp.1-3. 7. Z. Xu, H. Liang, Z. Zhong, L. He and X. Gu, Effect of High-Power LED Spatial Light Intensity on Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of VLC, Optical Communication Technology, Vol. 35, 2011.8. R. D. Koudelka and J. M. Woodall, Light Emitting Devices with Increased Modulation Bandwidth, Yale University, 2011. 9. P. Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Device, Pearson Education, 2003, pp. 216-218.10. K. Ikeda, S. Horiuchi, T. Tanaka and W. Susaki, Design Parameters of Frequency Response of GaAs-(Ga,Al) As double Heterostructure LEDsfor optical communications, IEEE Tansactions on Electron Device s, Vol. ED-24, No. 7, 1977, pp. 1001-1005. 11. J. Grubor, S. C. J. Lee, K.-D. Langer, T. Koonen, and J. W. Walewski, Wireless high-speed data transmission with phosphorescent whitelight LEDs, inProc. Post Deadline Session Eur. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC 2007), Berlin, Germany, 2007, pp. 12, [06.11].12. S.-B. Park, D. K. Jung, H. S. Shin, D. J. Shin, Y.-J. Hyun, K. Lee, and Y. J. Oh, Information broadcasting system based on visible light signboard, inProc. Wireless Opt. Commun. 2007, Montreal, Canada, May 30Jun. 1, 2007, pp. 311313